Chemical ehupfumi of munyu uye nzira nokuda gadziriro yavo

Munyu - zvinhu vechigaro mukirasi inorganic yeimwe, iyo ine mashoko anion (iine acid vakasara) uye nokuo- nga (simbi atomu). Muzviitiko zvizhinji crystalline ichi fuma mavara akasiyana uye zvakasiyana mvura solubility. Mumiriri nyore mukirasi iyi yeimwe - yavaibvisa chloride (NaCl).

Munyu vari rakakamurwa acidic, chikuru uye zvakajairika.

Normal (Avharenji) vari akaumba apo iine acid rehydrogen maatomu zvose inotsiviwa maatomu simbi, kana apo mapoka ose hydroxyl inotsiviwa asidhi zvigadziko asidhi residues (semuenzaniso, MgSO4, MG (CH3COO) 2). Kana electrolytic dissociation, ivo nokuputsa kupinda chokwadi mhosva simbi anions uye okusafarira mhosva anions.

The kwemakemikari ehupfumi kuti boka iri munyu:

• anoora panguva pamatunhu tembiricha;

• kumbotambudzika hydrolysis (maitiro nemvura);

• kupinda Exchange siyana pamwe acids, nezvigadziko nezvimwe munyu. Zvinofanira kurangarirwa zvimwe wanda izvi:

- maitiro ane asidhi kunoitika chete kana ichi asidhi akasimba kupfuura kuti iro munyu kunoitika;

- zvakaitwa pamwe chawo akasungwa nyaya apo insoluble nyaya aumbwa;

- yesaline ikasakendenga pamwe simbi, kana chakasara electrochemical munhevedzano zvesimbi kunetseka, inova chikamu munyu;

- munyu remubatanidzwa mune mhinduro sei nemumwe, kana ichi chakaumbwa chinhu insoluble chigadzirwa Exchange;

• redox inogona chokuita ehupfumi ane nokuo- nga kana anion.

The asidhi munyu vakagadzirira muzviitiko mugove hydrogen maatomu ari asidhi iri apo chete kutsiviwa maatomu simbi (semuenzaniso, NaHSO4, CaHPO4). Apo electrolytic dissociation vanoumba rehydrogen uye simbi cations, ari asidhi Zvakasara anions Zvisinei makemikari ehupfumi kuti boka iri zvinosanganisira munyu zvinotevera hunhu sezvo munyu uye asidhi yeimwe:

• vari pasi chafariz manyowa chokuumba munyu yechipiri;

• vakaita pamwe alkali kuumba sezvinongoita munyu.

Basic munyu vari vakawana muzviitiko apo chete mugove hydroxyl mapoka yatsiviwa nezvigadziko zviri anions pakati acids (semuenzaniso, Cũ (OH) kana Cl, Fe (OH) CO3). yeimwe vakadaro dissociated kupinda cations simbi anions ose hydroxy uye iine acid vakasara. The kwemakemikari ehupfumi kuti boka iri munyu zvinosanganisira zviratidzo mamirire makemikoro uye munyu, uye nezvigadziko panguva imwe chete:

• dzinoratidzwa chafariz manyowa;

• vakaita ane acid.

Pane pfungwa zvakaoma uye kaviri munyu.

Complex ane kunzwisisa anion kana nokuo- nga. The kwemakemikari ehupfumi kwaiita kuita zvinosanganisira munyu kuparadza zvivako, aine paumbwe zvishoma soluble yeimwe. Mukuwedzera, vanokwanisa kuchinjana ligands pakati yomukati dzokunze nzvimbo.

Dual ane cations maviri akasiyana uye kunogona sei pamwe alkaline mhinduro (rutapudzo kuita).

Nzira kugadzirira munyu

Izvi zvinhu zvinogona kuwanikwa nenzira dzinotevera:

• kuita kuti acids pamwe simbi, izvo vanokwanisa kubvisa hydrogen maatomu;

• zvakaitwa zvigadziko uye acids, nezvigadziko boka hydroxyl iri vakatsinhanisa nezvinhu acidic asidhi residues;

• kuitwa acids pamusoro amphoteric uye zvinokosha oxides, munyu kana simbi;

• kuitwa nezvigadziko pamusoro acidic oxides;

• maitiro pakati acidic uye anokosha oxides;

• munyu nokuda kuita nemumwe kana simbi (kuzvitsinhanisa maitiro) ;

• kugadzira simbi munyu panguva wanda nevasiri simbi;

• acidic munyu remubatanidzwa yaunganidzwa zvakaitwa svikiro munyu ane asidhi zvakafanana zita;

• chikuru fuma munyu rinogadzirirwa nokuda kuita munyu pamwe shoma alkali.

Saka, munyu anogona kugadzirira nenzira dzakawanda, sezvo anobudiswa somugumisiro zhinji nemakemikari pakati-siyana inorganic zvinhu uye yeimwe.