Natural zoning. Latitudinal uye altitudinal zonation

Munhu wose anoziva kuti munyika rezuva kupisa kuganhura gogonera nokuda idenderedzwa pezvakaita nyika. In mugumisiro ichi yakasiyana chimiro yepanyama hurongwa, apo vose zvinoumba nerimwe kufanana nomumwe uye kuumbwa dzinongoitika mapazi kunoitika mumakondinendi ose. Kana tikatevera nemiti uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka iri chete munzvimbo, asi mumakondinendi zvakasiyana, tinogona kuona zvimwe zvakafanana.

Geographical zoning mutemo

Scientist V. V. Dokuchaev panguva yake akasika dzidziso dzakadaro, uye akaratidza pfungwa yokuti mumwe mapazi - wechisikigo kunzwisisa, apo zvinhu zvipenyu nezvisiri zvipenyu hunhu vari pedyo pedyo zvinodyidzana. Zvadaro, musi hwaro ichi, kuti kodzero yokutanga yakavambwa dzidziso, iro rave vakanatswa uye uwane vamwe vaongorori Ls Berg.

Zvakasiyana siyana zoning nokuda siyana pamusoro Zvinoumba nenzvimbo butiro uye zvinoitwa huru zviviri: nesimba zuva uye simba paNyika. Ndizvo zvinhu chokuita dzinongoitika zoning, izvo zvinoonekwa pakugoverwa munyanza, akasiyana-siyana kwenzvimbo yaro marongerwo. Somugumisiro, siyana dzinongoitika zvivako dzakaumbwa, uye kupfuura wavo nenzvimbo mapazi riri pedyo okunze zvikamu kurondedzerwa BP Alisova).

Govera zvinotevera tsaukana zones: Equatorial, vaviri subequatorial, dzinopisa uye subtropical, unozvidzora, subpolar uye polar (Arctic uye Antarctic). Geographical mapazi vari kuva zvikamu, ndiko kutaura zvakananga.

Chii latitudinal zoning

Natural nzvimbo achisonganira okunze munyika dzine uye, saka zvikamu sezvo nemabhandi zvishoma nezvishoma kutsiva mumwe, kutamira kubva neequator nematanda, apo zuva kupisa ipfupi uye vakachinja kunonaya. iya makuru dzinongoitika zvivako inonzi latitudinal zonation kwakadaro, izvo kunooneka pacharo dzose dzakadaro, zvisinei kukura.

Ndechipi yakakwirira-kuwedzera zoning

The mepu anogona kuonekwa, kana isu kufamba kubva kuchamhembe kusvikira kumabvazuva, mune mumwe nenzvimbo mapazi inoita nenzvimbo zoning, sezvo kweArctic murenje, vakapfuura kusvikira achinaya mvura, kusvika achinaya mvura, taiga yakavhenganiswa uye Deciduous masango, dondo-inowanzorimwa uye inowanzorimwa, uye pakupedzisira mugwenga uye subtropics. Vanoedza kubva kumabvazuva kusvikira kumavirira mukoto, asi panewo imwe mirayiridzo.

Vakawanda vanoziva kuti yepamusoro rinobuda mumakomo, nhamba kupisa uye mwando yakareba achinja kune pasi tembiricha, uye kunayisa mu hwakasimba chimiro, nokudaro kuchinja nemiti uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka. Masayendisiti uye geographers akaudza kwayo zita - dzemakomo zoning (kana zoning), apo mumwe nharaunda pashure perimwe, belting gomo akasvibira padaro rinenge siyana. Shanduko mapazi ari kupfuura pabani, mumwe ane chete kukwira 1 km, uye achava mumwe nzvimbo. The lowermost mapazi nguva dzose anoenderana apo mugomo, uye pedyo kune namatanda, kashoma kuti zvikamu izvi zvinogona kuwanika pamusoro.

Geographical zoning mutemo unoshanda mumakomo. Kubva ari Latitude zvaanoda seasonality, uyewo alternation neusiku. Kana gomo riri pedyo danda, zvino ipapo unogona kuwana usiku polar uye zuva, uye kana nzvimbo pedyo neequator, zuva achagara akaenzana usiku.

chando mapazi

Natural zoning yakabatana matanda panyika, anonzi chando. The utsinye ezvinhu, apo chando uye chando tiri gore rose, uye akanyanya kupisa romwedzi tembiricha rukasafashukira kumusoro kusvika 0 °. Sinou rinofukidza nyika yose, kunyange zvazvo asingazivi kuti zuva rikasabuda kumativi wachi kwemwedzi inoverengeka, asi kwete rematsutso izvozvo.

At kukuomesera ezvinhu mune glacial mapazi anogara mhuka diki (White Bear, PENGUIN, zvisimbiso, walruses, gava, poro), achiri muduku zvinogoneka kusangana zvinomera rikava muitiro achiri padanho kukura, uye Anonyanyowanika kuwanikwa mutizi chirimwa (Lichen Moss, algae).

achinaya mvura mapazi

Zone chando uye simba mhepo, apo kuramba uye refu muchando pfupi zhizha, nokuda iro ivhu haana nguva ushamwari uye dzinoumba multi-paiva nechando pavhu.

zoning mutemo anoshanda kunyange achinaya mvura uye runoparadzanisa ndokuadira matatu Sub-zvikamu, kutamira kubva kuchamhembe kusvika kumaodzanyemba: kweArctic achinaya mvura, apo inokura kunyanya chikwindi uye lichens runowanzoitika lichen-chikwindi achinaya mvura, uko kune nzvimbo nemiti, akagovera nokuda Vaigach kuna Kolyma, uye South shrub achinaya mvura, apo zvinomera ine matatu siyana.

Tinofanirawo vanotaurawo achinaya mvura iyo rinokoka nhete ubvise uye kuchinja mapazi pakati achinaya mvura uye masango.

taiga mapazi

Nokuti Russian Taiga - chikuru dzinongoitika nharaunda, izvo rinopfuurira kubva kumuganhu wokumavirira kusvikira kuGungwa Okhotsk uye Gungwa Japan. Taiga mudura mbiri okunze munyika dzine apo kusawirirana kuitika mairi.

Izvi dzinongoitika zoning chinotarisa vakawanda Makungwa marshes, uye zviri pano anobva nzizi huru kuRussia, Volga, Kama, Lena, Viluy nevamwe.

Chinhu chikuru kuti chirimwa nyika - coniferous masango hunodzorwa larch, ishoma spruce, misipuresi, nemipaini. Mhuka Nyika heterogeneous uye kumabvazuva chikamu taiga kuvapfumi pane kumadokero.

Forest, dondo inowanzorimwa uye inowanzorimwa

Ari mapazi zvakavhenganiswa uye rakafara-leaved dondo ekunze inodziya uye kunaya, uye akatsvaka kwazvo latitudinal zoning. Winter iduku zvikuru, chirimo vari refu uye ushamwari, inosimudzira kukura miti akadai pomuouki, dota, Maple, Linden, Hazel ose. Nokuda zvakaoma chirimwa munzanga mapazi dzaisiyana fauna of ichi, uye, somuenzaniso, pamusoro East European Plain zvakajairika bison, muskrat, mhuka musii, mhumhi, Stony.

Zone nemasango vakavhengana kuvapfumi kupfuura Conifers, uye varipo guru herbivores uye zvakasiyana-siyana kwazvo shiri. Geographical zoning dzakasiyana arambe achirema murwizi nembiya, zvimwe zviri yechando hazvirevi -oma.

A Kuchinja mapazi pakati inowanzorimwa uye dondo inowanzorimwa ndiko, apo pane alternation kwesango uye kumafuro phytocenoses.

inowanzorimwa mapazi

Ichi chimwe mhando, iyo inorondedzera dzinongoitika zoning. Ndiye akasiyana chaizvo okunze kubva munzvimbo yekunwa, uye musiyano mukuru - kushaya mvura, saka kuti hapana masango hunodzorwa zviyo zvose nemiriwo siyana kuti kufukidza nyika chinoramba makapeti. Pasinei chokwadi kuti nzvimbo iyi haisi mvura yakakwana, zvinomera kushivirira kwemvura zvakanaka, kakawanda vasare diki uye vari kupisa inogona phased panze kuitira kudzivirira kwemvura.

The fauna of zvakawanda siyana: kune hoofed mhuka, nemakonzo, carnivores. The Russian inowanzorimwa ndicho dzevanhu ubanguranyika uye nharaunda huru kurima.

Steppes vanowanikwa kuchamhembe uye kumaodzanyemba hemisphere, asi vari zvishoma nezvishoma kutsakatika nokuda Icho chiedza mhuka dzenyika, moto, zvigare.

Latitudinal uye altitudinal zonation inowanikwa steppes, saka vari rakakamurwa subspecies akawanda: mugomo (somuenzaniso, Mountains Caucasus), wemarudzi (hunhu Western kweSiberia), xerophilous, apo vakawanda dernovidnnyh zviyo, uye gwenga (vanova Kalmykia inowanzorimwa).

Renje dzinopisa

Sudden kuchinja kwezvakatipoteredza ezvinhu nokuti kwemvura kwazvo kazhinji kunayisa (7 times), uye nguva yakadaro nguva kwemwedzi anosvika mitanhatu. Zvinomera nzvimbo asina kupfuma, uye kazhinji kuwana rekushongedzesa, nemiti, uye masango kuonekwa chete pamwe nzizi. Mhuka kuvapfumi uye zvishoma yakafanana uya rikaitika inowanzorimwa mapazi: yakawanda nemakonzo uye nezvinokambaira, ungulates uye vachidzungaira munzvimbo dzakapoteredza.

It vaiona kupfuura musango Sahara, asi vakawanda ichi dzinongoitika zoning runozivisa 11% of panyika, uye kana isu wedzera kweArctic renje, ipapo 20%. Mumagwenga vanowanikwa dzinodziya mapazi hwokuchamhembe. hemisphere uye munzvimbo dzinopisa uye subtropics.

Inonzwisisika tsanangudzo dzinopisa hakuwaniki, voga tsaukana zones: neequator, Equatorial uye Sub-Equatorial, apo pane zvakafanana avo dondo sezvamunoita, asi vamwe kusiyana.

Yakakamurwa ose masango ari savanna, dondo uye subtropical anofukidza. Ravaigona chinhu ndechokuti miti vanogara manyoro, uye musiyano pakati zvikamu izvi kwenguva ya yakaoma uye kuchinaya nguva. In nemapani kuchinaya nguva kunotora 8-9 mwedzi. Subtropical dondo cho okumabvazuva Continental kumahombekombe, umo kuchinja mwaka wechando uye nyorovera yechirimo pamwe monsoon mvura. Tropical Forest dzinoratidzwa yakakwirira mwero humidification uye kunayisa anogona kupfuura 2000 mm.