Mutualism - a mutualistic ukama mhando ...

Mutualism - a zvipenyu kusakarongeka iyo inotsigira inodzivirira kukura vose kwemarudzi vamwe. Mune mamwe manzwi, ndiye ane chimiro symbiosis. Lichens ndivo dzekare muenzaniso unoratidza kuti mutualism.

Mumwe muenzaniso - ukama pakati bhinzi uye senitrogen-kugadzira utachiona vari nodules nemidzi yavo. Mutualism - kuti zvimwe pedyo ukama mukume mukume zvinomera, dzakadai lepidopteran Tegeticula yucasella uye Yucca.

Facultative uye unosungira mutualism

Zvakakodzera kusiyanisa izvi pfungwa mbiri. Uye unosungira uye facultative mutualism ari pamwe vashanduri zvinobatsira. Kushandira Pamwe muchiitiko ichi rinobatsirawo mumwe uye mamwe marudzi. Zvisinei, kana yechipiri, maonero nomumwe anogona kuvapo ari oga. Unosungira mutualism ndiyo - fanira. Izvi zvinoreva kuti pasina zvinenge voga.

mycorrhizae

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinofadza uye inokosha kubva pfungwa nemaonero ikoroji mienzaniso tiri vanofarira Chiitiko - kubata raivapo pakati notumwe uye vascular zvirimwa. Nemidzi dzakawanda miti izvi zvinoumba dzakaoma hurongwa pamwe howa. zvivako izvi zvinonzi mycorrhiza. Pasina izvozvo, sevamwe kukura zvinomera zvaisazova zvinobvira. Mycorrhiza, sezviri pachena rwakaita basa rinokosha iri kugarwa panyika. mutualism (symbiosis) akanga kwakapararira kubva munguva dzekare.

mycorrhizal kubatana

Patinodzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pavo, kuti kujeka inova yavo kukosha kuti vascular zvinomera. In zhinji mhando nonmycorrhizal munhu zvakasikwa hadziwanzowaniki, kunyange kana kukura kwavo zvinogoneka pasina kunyatsosarudza Howa kukura ezvinhu. Most vascular miti - the "kaviri" muviri zvakafanana mupfungwa sezvo lichens, kunyange duality iri kazhinji asingaoneki dzavo aboveground nhengo. Maererano ivhu musayendisiti kubva University of Wisconsin S. Wylde, nehuni abudisa kubva ivhu - ndiko chete chikamu yose chirimwa, surgically kuparadzaniswa ake rokutora uye zvomudumbu nenyere. In miti yakawanda notumwe basa rinokosha iri kuitwa kuti phosphorus nezvimwe zvinokosha muviri.

Notumwe vanoumba mycorrhiza pamwe miti yakawanda vari Zygomycetes. Izvi mhando inonzi endomikorizoy kwayo. Zviri kwese kuti vazhinji miriwo, nemiti yakabva kune dzimwe. Mamwe mapoka Conifers uye dicotyledons - kunyanya miti - chimiro mycorrhiza pamwe Basidiomycetes, uyewo vamwe askomitsstami. Muchiitiko ichi tiri kutaura pamusoro ektomikorize. Dzimwe nguva chaizvo zvakananga: kubva chakuvhe imwe mhando interacts chete neumwe mhando vascular zvinomera, kana boka ukama marudzi. It inozivikanwa Somuenzaniso, kuti basidiomycete Boletus elegans chokuita chete larch (Larix) kuti softwood. Other mycorrhizal notumwe fomu dondo marudzi pamusoro genera gumi. Ektomikoriza kunyanya mamirire muti marudzi varombo nharaunda vaigara dzakakwirira latitudes ari Northern hemisphere, kana munzvimbo dzakakwirira.

Acacia uye masvosve

Mienzaniso kwazvo pamusoro mutualism rwakavapo dzinopisa, apo kusiyana zvipenyu kwakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura unozvidzora munharaunda. Saka, muna dzinopisa uye subtropics zvakapararira omuakasia (miti nemiti yose genus Acacia). The ukama pakati mamwe miti izvi pamapani Mexico neCentral America uye masvosve kuti vanogara yakatesvera panyanga dzacho dzavo - zvinoshamisa muenzaniso kunzwisisa aiita pakati pemhuka uye zvinomera. Zvikurukuru pachena vanogona yakabva Pseudomyrmex vorudzii masvosve.

omuakasia izvi mujinga jira rimwe nerimwe rine mbiri inflated panhengo vane kureba kupfuura 2 cm. nectaire vari petioles uye mashizha chiri panzvimbo kumigumo zviduku zvinovaka muviri mitumbi raireva Belt mhuru. Masvosve kurarama mukati negomba panhengo, zvokudya shuga kubva nectaire corpuscles uye mabhandi, izvo vanoumba kwemafuta uye mapurotini. Acacia kukura nokukurumidza uye zviri zvikuru nevakawanda vakavhiringidzika dzoga, apo makwikwi pakati kukura chirimwa-dzakadzidzvinyirira kakawanda kwazvo. Thomas Belt akatanga kurondedzera ukama pakati Pseudornyrmex nemiti iyi mubhuku rake rinonzi "The zvakasikwa muNicaragua» (The zvakasikwa muNicaragua), rakabudiswa muna 1874

Mamwe mutualistic ukama

Kune mamwe marudzi akawanda zvipenyu tichisunga ukama, izvo anoratidza mutualism. Izvi, somuenzaniso, miti musango (uye miriwo) dzinowanzoshandiswa fused pamwe nemidzi yawo. Somugumisiro, zvokudya zvavo zvibviswe mumwe chirimwa chimwe zvakaoma uye usingatarisiri zvachose nzira, uye kupukunyuka rimwe rudzi mune imwe nzvimbo iri rinoreva novimba kuvapo imwe, pamwe pacho anoumba chisungo. muti stumps vanogona kurarama nokusingaperi, kunyange zvazvo zvisina photosynthetic nhengo, nekuti midzi vari fused nevamwe vanhu uye anogona kugamuchira muviri yavo. Zvimwe zvirwere, zvakadai pemioki Mucharega muna Midwest uye kumabvazuva United States, uyewo vanogona kuburikidza mudzi "kubaya" akadaro.

Sezvaunogona kuona, mutualism - a kakawanda chakajairika zvakasikwa. Zviri rinokosha symbiosis.