Chewing uye tsandanyama dzechiso: anatomi. Mamiriro Akaita tsandanyama dzechiso

vanhu vose vane mazuva zvakanaka nezvakaipa, kufara uye zvinosuwisa, pane chinhu zvinoshatirisa, anogumbura, zvinovhiringidza, kana, nekusiyana, zvinotungamirira usingatsananguriki rinofadza, zvinokonzera rufaro uye mufaro. Panguva dzakadaro chiso yedu - chiri bhuku, iyo unogona kuverenga zvose pfungwa.

Asi nei izvi zvichiitika? Ko pamusoro chiso mamiriro kuti anotibvumira kuva zvakasiyana, mupenyu, zvinofadza uye chinoumbwa nezvinhu zvakawanda kuratidza manzwiro? Zvakaratidza kuti ichi ndicho chinhu chakanakira pakubhadhara akasiyana netsandanyama. Kuti hurukuro pamusoro pavo munyaya ino.

History rekudzidza kuwanikidza tsandanyama ezvirevo

Kokutanga pamberi womunhu nomuviri tsandanyama akataurwa kare. VaEgipita, vaRoma, vaPezhiya, Chinese anotaurwa mumabhuku zvivako izvi, munhu pasi ganda. Zvisinei, tsananguro maduramazwi tsandanyama sevaya akawanikwa zvikuru gare gare. Saka, mupiro mukuru uyu akataurwa Leonardo da Vinci. Pakati 600-shamisa vanodhirowa yakaitwa kwevanhu, raakanga akasiya, chikuru chikamu rakazvipira tsandanyama, nzvimbo yavo muviri mamiriro, chitarisiko. Kurondedzera tsandanyama inowanikwa mabasa ose Andreas Vesalius.

Physiology kuti tsandanyama nemasayendisiti anotevera XVIII-XX emakore:

1. Luigi Galvani - vawana Chiitiko kuti magetsi nomunhu ari tsandanyama uye nyama yemhuka.
2. Emil Du Bois-Reymond - akagadzira murayiro unoratidza mugumisiro magetsi ari kukakavara munyama
3. N. E. Vvedensky - zvinorondedzerwa uye akaisa optimum uye pessimum magetsi excitation mhasuro
4. Helmholtz, J. van Liebig, Wislicenus V. Danilevsky nevamwe - vari vakadzidza zvakadzama uye akatsanangura zvose vasiri zviri kushanda kwetsandanyama rinenge kusanganisira kupisa panguva yechiitwa uye zvokudya pamusoro netsandanyama.

Panguva ino Danho okukura kare akagadzira anenge zvose zvinobvira tsananguro yokungotaura zvose dzichipfekeka unhu tsandanyama fibers. Electrophysiology, nemakemikari omuviri, anatomi sayenzi dzimwe chakakonzera kuti kuunganidza rakakura ruzivo hwaro munzvimbo iyi, saka inokosha achaporesa.

The nhamba uye kuziva mhasuro kwevanhu

In yose, muviri womunhu une anenge 640 tsandanyama, chimwe nechimwe anoita yakananga basa. tsandanyama anatomi anomirira kutaridza kunzwisisa STRUCTURAL zvikamu.

Tsandanyama (kana tsandanyama) - iri kwevanhu zvomukati, inova kutaridza mhasuru fibers (elongated sero chimiro) kuva muenzaniso kumeso kana transversely striated. Vari inoitwa pamwe achishandisa nzenza connective tishu mamiriro. In muviri kuti aumbe gadziriro yose ine skeletal tsandanyama (striated zvinyama) uye ari mudungwe zvakawanda nhengo nemidziyo ropa (jira wakatsetseka).

kupatsanura

Pakati mashandiro anoita tsandanyama akakamurwa inotevera mapoka:

1. Vent.
2. Lead.
3. Insoles.
4. Sphincters.
5. Dilators.
6. Rotators.
7. Flexors.
8. Extensors.
9. Achisiyanisa.
10. Pronator.

Panewo kupatsanura pakati tsandanyama kuburikidza nzvimbo mumuviri womunhu. Saka, kusunungurwa:

• hunde Tsandanyama (zvachero uye zvakadzama);
• Tsandanyama maoko nemakumbo;
• tsandanyama musoro (chiso uye dög).

shepi

On hwaro ichi kusiyanisa tsandanyama mapoka 7 makuru, sezvamakaropafadzwa nerimwe boka iri mupasi riri kushanda uye yakananga chikamu kwevanhu muviri.

1. Spindly.
2. Square.
3. Flat.
4. Straight.
5. Mativi.
6. Cirrus.
7. Tenderera.

tsandanyama anatomi

tsandanyama ose ane anenge chete womukati nemamiriro urongwa: kunze chakafukidzwa epimiziem - rinokosha fuma-goko, vakashanda nesimba connective tishu. Kubva mukati ndiko kutaridza mhasuru tsapo ose mirairo siyana kuti ikashandiswa nokuda endomysium - connective tishu. Muchiitiko chino, akakodzera nhamba mumwe tsandanyama midziyo ropa uye capillaries kuti zvakakwana zvinosimbisa okisijeni panguva kushanda. Tsinga atora manyowa zvinhu uye carbon dioxide. Tsinga rakapinza fibers zvinopa conduction uye excitability kutsanya uye yakavimbika norudaviro (basa).

Muscle masero pachavo vane cores akawanda, sezvo panguva tichishingaira ichishanda inokwanisa generating chafariz simba nokuda vakawanda mitochondria. Kukwanisa kwaro kubata tsandanyama chikwereti anokosha mapuroteni: actin uye myosin. Vanopa basa iri, zvichikonzera zvinoderedza myofibrils - contractile chikamu tsandanyama faibha.

Chinonyanya kushanda tsandanyama fibers - contractility uye excitability, kupa vanhuwo kusakarongeka pakati tsinga uye mapuroteni ezvirevo uye nechepakati tsinga (uropi uye musana).

Tsandanyama musoro

zvinosanganisira mashoma marudzi inokosha boka iri. The zvihombe ndiwo:

• Tsandanyama chiso (tsandanyama dzechiso) - ndivo mhosva mimicry, ivo kwokunze kuratidzwa manzwiro;
• chewable - kuita basa rakafanana.

Kunze izvi, tsandanyama Munokudzwa:

• yeziso;
• auditory ossicles;
• mutauro;
• denga;
• Os.

Zvakakurukurwa nemamiriro ose tsandanyama musoro, asi dama, ndiye pasina plantar fascia - a "bhegi" chaiyo, ine zvose tsandanyama uye kuti kwakunoitwa zvakananga mapfupa. Naizvozvo, vazhinji vavo kudivi vasiyana mafupa, uye mumwe - pachena runoyerera zvakananga kupinda ganda, zvakasimba dzakarukwa pawo chete marongerwo.

Sezvimwe tsandanyama dzechiso: Types

Kupfuura dzinonakidza uye zvakajeka nedzokunze ake basa nezviso zviri tsandanyama dzechiso. Nokuda mashandiro kuitwa mabasa, kuti ndiye, kukwanisa kuumba munhu chiso chedu, uye vakatora zita ravo - the tsandanyama dzechiso.

Vakagarapo chaizvo chaizvo. Pashure pezvose, mumwe ane chete kuyeuka chii noshamisa uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvingava kutaura manzwiro edu, kunzwisisa kuti vane basa mhando iri yoga kana pamwe chete havagoni kurarama. Naizvozvo, tsandanyama dzechiso vari mumapoka, uye vose 4:

1. Achiumba cranial rakatenderera.
2. Achigadzira sekamufarenzi muromo.
3. Runopoterera mhino.
4. Wezvamatongerwe denderedzwa maziso.

Funga boka rimwe nerimwe zvizere.

Tsandanyama of cranial rakatenderera

Sezvimwe tsandanyama musoro, achiumba cranial rakatenderera, vakapa occipital-frontal vasiyana galea. Ngowani pachahwo mudzira kuti conventionally vagovane tsandanyama migove miviri: frontal uye occipital. Huru basa kuti anoita zvakadai sezvimwe tsandanyama musoro - ndiyo paumbwe transverse mipendero ganda pahuma yomunhu.

boka iri zvinosanganisira kumberi uye neshure nzeve tsandanyama. Dzinonyanya nezvinozoitika inokodzera kwokunze nzeve kuti flick kumusoro, pasi, mberi uye shure.

Lateral nuchal tsandanyama - of zvivako zviri cranial rakatenderera. The chikuru basa - kwebasa ganda kuseri musoro.

Tsandanyama, pova denderedzwa maziso

Ndiwo rinonyanya kuratidza chiso tsandanyama chiso. anatomi wavo hauratidzi kuti fascia, uye chimiro zvivako akadaro akasiyana.

1. Circular tsandanyama chose rinokomberedza yeziso mudenderedzwa pasi ganda. Inoitwa chikuru zvikamu vatatu: ophthalmic, nemakore nemakore uye misodzi. Action - kuvhura nokuvhara maziso, kudzora slezotoka, achideredza nechapamusoro pasi, rimire kubuda wrinkles pahuma.
2. Tsandanyama dzechiso, rakawunyana pahuma, yakanamatira pamusoro frontal mapfupa kusvikira paganda tsiye. Basa: paumbwe longitudinal mipendero pamusoro mhino.
3. The tsandanyama yavanozvikudza - zita pacharo rinotaura pamusoro kukosha - dzichiumbwa transverse matanga mujinga mhuno, achipa chiso kuratidza kuzvikudza uye inaccessibility.

Izvi tsandanyama dzechiso kubvumira vanhu kuti vataure manzwiro avo chete kutarisa kuburikidza maziso uye ganda yakavapoteredza. Zvakawanda zvinogona kutaurwa pasina mashoko Vongai peculiarities muviri womunhu marongerwo.

Tsandanyama kuti vanoumba sekamufarenzi zvomuromo

Zvakafanana zvinokosha vamwe tsandanyama zvaanoita chiso chake. The anatomi of tsandanyama boka dzinomiririrwa dzeraundi maumbirwo wakakomberedza muromo yokutanga. Kune akawanda chinoumba tsandanyama, izvo zvakaenzana mumwe vari mhandu. Izvi zvinoreva kuti vamwe vavo anowedzera muromo mutswe, uye vamwe, nekusiyana, nhete.

1. Muscle mumuromo, rinonzi tenderera. Action: aienda mumuromo mutswe uye miromo kuchienderera mberi.
2. Zygomatic tsandanyama (makuru uye diki). Basa: Inokutendera pakona muromo kuti kwira, pasi uye padivi.
3. Kunyanya tsandanyama dzechiso omuromo kunoratidzwa yokuti vanobvumira abve. Somuenzaniso, nechigadziko shaya aine yokumusoro ruoko, izvo anobvumira kusimudza rokumusoro muromo. Nechepedyo pane mumwe kuti zvinomutsa mhino uye bapiro.
4. Dama tsandanyama. Value: kunonoka pakona kurutivi muromo, apo achidzikisa mativi maviri anobvumira kuti dzosa romukati penyika pamatama kuti shaya.
5. Tsandanyama kuseka. Action: Inokutendera makona muromo akatambanudza laterally.
6. Two Genial tsandanyama. Features kwaiita tsandanyama dzechiso ine pakuti mumwe wavo ari isina, zvingaita kuderedza. Rinoshanda: zvinopa kwebasa chirebvu ganda, akaipinza nechezasi muromo wake mberi.
7. Muscle, achideredza rezasi muromo. Kukosha maererano rokuremekedza.

Zvose zvinhu nemumuromo tsandanyama dzechiso, anatomi iyo anobvumira munhu kunyemwerera, kutaura, kuratidza mufaro uye kunetseka, kufamba muromo wake.

Tsandanyama runopoterera mhino

boka iri zvinosanganisira huru mbiri chete tsandanyama:

• nasalis tsandanyama, kumbopeta womukati uye dzokunze nhengo. Action: kupa kwebasa mhino uye mhuno;
• tsandanyama, achideredza pasi nasal septum.

Saka, muna mhino denderedzwa maviri chete tsandanyama dzechiso. Anatomy wavo hapana chakasiyana nevamwe inokurukurwa pamusoro. Kazhinji, mapoka aya ziso tsandanyama, muromo, mhuno uye cranial denga - Ndivo chikuru zvinoumba ari zvaanoita chiso chake. Nokuda pamberi tsandanyama idzi vanhu vanokwanisa zvinoparadzira kuwanda manzwiro, kukurukura nomumwe kunyange pasina mashoko uye zvirevo zvakafanira kusimbisa nokuona mashoko.

Pakazosvika tsandanyama dzechiso zvivako zvinokosha chaizvo, mutoro wezvivi nokuumbwa wrinkles panguva vasachembera. Ndokusaka zvose nzvimbo zvinobatanidzwa epurasitiki oparesheni uye akafanana dzokuvhiya, vanokokwa kushanda nyanzvi zvikuru unyanzvi vanoziva anatomi yacho tsandanyama.

Masticatory tsandanyama: mhuka

Sezvimwe uye masticatory tsandanyama - ndivo vanonyanya zvinoumba kumeso uye musoro. Kana rokutanga rinoreva 17 zvivako siyana, boka rechipiri - 4. chete Zvisinei, izvi zvina masticatory tsandanyama basa rinokosha muupenyu hwevanhu, uyewo kwerunyararo rimwe happy denderedzwa chiso. Ngationei chaizvo mamiriro kuhupenyu kwavari.

1. Chewing - akasimba, akadzidziswa munhu vachitsigira tsandanyama chikafu. Zvinowanikwa muzvikamu zviviri: yakadzika uye asingafungi. Rinotanga kubva zygomatic chematenga uye tsandanyama vasiyana mandible.
2. Epanyama - rinotanga kubva muitiro womunhu rwepanyama nemapfupa uye kunosvika kune rezasi shaya.
3. Lateral pterygoid - ine zvikamu zviviri: okumusoro misoro. Kutanga kubva sphenoid pfupa mugove uye mugumo yepazasi rushaya tsandanyama, pova kunzwisisa interweaving navo.
4. Pterygoid medial - zvakare pamusoro sphenoid mapfupa kusvikira rezasi shaya.

tsandanyama zvose izvi vakabatanidzwa zvakafanana anoitwa yatiri funga zvino mabasa,.

mabasa

Chokwadi, kuti kamwe tsandanyama vari boka dög, ipapo zvavanoita zvakakodzera: pave ichiita mabasa akawanda rushaya sangano:

• Chewing - shaya anosimudza uye anomhanyira mberi.
• Medial - lateral uye inopa mamwe kufamba pamusoro mandible.
• Lateral - ane zvakafanana mabasa kune medial.
• Epanyama - mukuru mubatsiri kana kutsenga kufamba. Kuminyuka shure akatevera kuisa mberi rezasi shaya, uyewo musabvumira kuti vanokwira kuna rava kuvharwa kubva pamusoro.

Uyezve, rinopa munhu zvenyama tsandanyama vakaneta, vaneta uye ehama dzainge kutarira. Kana nguva vachingotya huta Zvinetso, chenjera manzwiro uye kunetseka, muviri uchatanga uremu, uye munhu anogamuchira yakakodzera ehama dzainge okuti. Izvi imhaka yokuti zvenyama tsandanyama thins uye obtyagivaya uso ganda, kutarisana inochinja kwakaita nzvimbo yacho kwayo.

Saka, tinogona kugumisa kuti chiso uye masticatory tsandanyama - ndicho vagadziri chiso yedu, anoita iwe embed chero mashoko, kuti siyana rwokufamba kushandura zvakasiyana siyana grimaces. Uye vanobvumira here kuti dög, izvo pasina mubvunzo mumwe anokosha dzinotsanagura zvikuru zvipenyu, kusanganisira vanhu upenyu.