Mabhomba okisijeni: anobatsira ehupfumi. Chii mabhomba okisijeni?

Fungidzira mufananidzo wakanaka zvikuru hwakanganiswa pokudengenyeka moto. Beautiful Mavara painstakingly kushandiswa akasiyana-siyana mavara, kuti akanyangarika pasi akaturikidzana ose dema chin'ai. Zvinoita sokuti, zvachose akarasika rounyanzvi.

nesayenzi mashiripiti

Asi usaora mwoyo. Painting anoiswa mukati Vacuum mukamuri mukati iyo fuma pave asingaoneki, inonzi mabhomba okisijeni simba. Mumaawa kana mazuva mashoma, zvishoma nezvishoma asi zvirokwazvo avapambe mashizha uye mavara anotanga kuonekwa zvakare. Akafuka yakachena paiva läpinäkyvä varnish, kuti kupenda akadzokera pakubwinya kwayo kwokutanga.

Zvingaita kuti zvemashiripiti, asi sayenzi. The nzira, yakataurwa nemasayendisiti panguva tsvakurudzo centre Glennovskom (GIZ) NASA anoshandisa mabhomba okisijeni nokuda kuchengetedza uye kudzorerwa mabasa ounyanzvi, izvo zvaizoita zvichida irreparably sousingabatsiri. The fuma anokwanisawo zvakakwana chenesa zvomusejari anodyara akagadzirirwa muviri, izvo yekudyidzana zvinoderedza mukana chokutsva. Nokuti varwere cheshuga, chinogona kuvandudza shuga zvichiongororwa mudziyo, kare kuti izvo chete mugove ropa inodiwa kunovhenekwa waida kuti varwere vanogona kudzora avo ezvinhu. The fuma inogona textured polymer pemvura kuti nani adhesion remafupa masero, izvo inovhura zvitsva zvinobvira mukurapa.

Uye ndizvo fuma simba kunogona kuwanikwa zvakananga kubva mumhepo.

Atomic uye samolecular okisijeni

Okisijeni huripo dzakasiyana siyana. The gasi kuti yatinofema rinonzi O _2, kureva, inoitwa maatomu maviri. Pane mabhomba okisijeni, iyo nzira iyo - O (atomu). The chimiro wechitatu kwemakemikari chinhu - O _3. ozone ichi, izvo, somuenzaniso, anowanikwa Wepasi repamusoro mhepo.

Mabhomba okisijeni dzinongoitika ezvinhu ari panyika kwenguva refu hahugoni kuvapo. It Ane chaizvo mukuru reactivity. Somuenzaniso, maatomu okisijeni mumvura rinoumbwa rehydrogen peroxide. Asi muchadenga, apo pane yakawanda ultraviolet mwaranzi, kuti O ₂ Morekuru vari nyore vaputsa kuumbika mabhomba chimiro. Mumhepo pasi Earth muchadenga pa 96% ine mabhomba okisijeni. Pakutanga kwezana chimutundumuseremusere udzidzisi NASA wayo pamberi kunokonzera matambudziko.

Zvakaipa zvakanaka

Maererano Bruce Banks, mumwe mukuru wefizikisi "Alfaporta" mubasa tsvakurudzo pamusoro nzvimbo kwezvakatipoteredza pabazi Glennovskogo nepakati, shure kwerekutanga voos shoma chimutundumuseremusere zvinhu zvayo kuvaka akatarisa sokunge akanga akafukidzwa nechando (vakanga pasi zvikuru anozoumbiridzwazve texturing). Mabhomba okisijeni ikasakendenga pamwe Organic zvinhu cladding chitundumusere-musere zvishoma kukanganisa kwavo.

GIZ kuongorora zvinokonzera kukuvara. Somugumisiro, vatsvakurudzi havana chete yakasimbiswa nzira yokudzivirira chitundumusere-musere kubva mabhomba okisijeni, ivo vakawana nzira yokushandisa dzingangoitika simba ichi makemikari maatomu akafanana dzinoparadza anatsiridze upenyu Panyika.

Kuparara mu muchadenga

Kana chitundumusere-musere iri pasi pasi raitenderera zuva (izvo anonyorwa uye apo motokari aigarira kwakavakirwa ISS), mabhomba okisijeni aumba kubva residual mhepo, unogona sei pamwe pemvura chitundumusere-musere, kwavakazvidza kuva hunenge. Kukura yemapurisa, simba hurongwa zvave kunetsa kuti gwenya bhatiri zvinhu yaigadzirwa Polymers vanosangana nokukurumidza kudzikisirana nokuda zvinoitwa chinoshingaira oxidizer.

tefa girazi

NASA awana kugadzirisa. Boka masayendisiti kubva Glennovskogo Research Center kwakasimbiswa nhete-firimu unhani nokuda rezuva ukomba dzaiva Eriya aitombotyawo kuitwa hasha maatomu akafanana. Silica kana girazi, atopiwa oxidized, saka haagoni damage mabhomba okisijeni. Vatsvakurudzi ndakasika munhu unhani pamusoro läpinäkyvä silica girazi, zviri zvitete zvokuti zvakanga chandagwinyira. rukoko urwu runodzivirira iri zvakasimba vakanamatira nebwe Panel uye kudzivirira kubva kwevhu, pasina impairing chero zvayo chafariz zvivako. Nhau ichiri kubudirira kudzivirira gwenya ukomba International Space Station, uye yavewo kushandiswa kudzivirira photovoltaic yemapurisa "Mir".

Maererano Banks, rezuva ukomba vakabudirira vakapfuura makore anopfuura gumi kugara muchadenga.

Harnessing simba

Apedza mazana nemiedzo yaiva chikamu pokumuka coatings husingakwanisi mabhomba okisijeni, rimwe boka remasayendisiti kubva Research Center Glennovskogo yawana ruzivo manzwisisiro sei makemikari. Nyanzvi akaona mukana kushandisa dzimwe hasha zvinhu.

Maererano Banks, boka vakaziva yekupindurwa iri pamusoro kemisitiri iri Kuparara Organic zvinhu. Properties mabhomba okisijeni akadaro kuti anokwanisa kubvisa chero organics, yeHydrocarbon, izvo haasi kungoshamisira sei kwakajairika makemikari.

Vanotsvakurudza vakawana nzira dzakawanda kurishandisa. Vakadzidza kuti maatomu okisijeni Anoshandura silicone pemvura iri girazi, izvo zvinogona kubatsira kana ukaronga zvinoumba nechisimbiso hermetic pasina pavo akanamatira kuna mumwe. Izvi rakagadzirirwa vakaisa mucherechedzo International Space Station. Uyezve, masayendisiti akawana kuti maatomu okisijeni anogona kudzorera uye kuchengetedza ukama mabasa ounyanzvi, kuvandudza zvinhu zviri kuvakwa ndege, uyewo kubatsira vanhu sezvo inogona kushandiswa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana anorapa achishandisa mitemo mafomu.

Cameras uye inotakurika mudziyo

Pane nzira dzakasiyana-siyana simba mabhomba okisijeni pamusoro pemvura. The anowanzodanwa kushandiswa Vacuum makamuri. saizi wavo zvichisiyana mabhokisi shangu asati kuisa 1,2 X 1,8 X 0,9 m. Nokushandisa microwave kana redhiyo Frequency nemwaranzi ₂ O mamorekuru vaputsa mamiriro mabhomba okisijeni. Kamuri raiiswa nzwisa chete polymer kukurwa kwevhu mwero izvo zvinoratidza wevasungwa yezviri fuma mukati chikwata.

Chimwe nzira kushandisa imwe pfuma ndiyo inotakurika zano kuti kunoita kuti kutungamirira nhete karwizi pamusoro oxidant chairo chipfuro. Kugona kuyerera bhatiri kwakadaro vanokwanisa kufukidza hombe nzvimbo zvakaipa pamusoro.

Sezvo kumwe kutsvakurudza vakawanda maindasitiri anofarira kushandisa mabhomba okisijeni. NASA hwakaronga siyana kudyidzana, vagari akaidza uye subsidiaries, izvo kazhinji kacho vava kubudirira siyana mabhizimisi munzvimbo.

Mabhomba okisijeni kuti muviri

Kutsvakurudza kushanda kunoita makemikari chinhu hakungogumiri muchadenga. Mabhomba okisijeni, wakawanirwa ehupfumi vanozivikanwa, asi ivo vava kuti Akaongorora, akawana zvokurapa mafomu zhinji.

Rinoshandiswa kuti texturing pemvura Polymers uye kunoita kuti anokwanisa kukura pamwe mafupa. The Polymers kazhinji dzinga mapfupa masero asi mishonga kushingaira maatomu akafanana zvinowanisa unaku vakunde adhesion. Izvi zvinotungamirira imwe tibatsirwe, izvo unounza maatomu okisijeni - kurapwa kwezvirwere ari zvetsandanyama nemapfupa hurongwa.

oxidizer ichi ringashandiswawo kubvisa tsvina kubva pakugadzira kushingaira zvomusejari anodyara. Kunyange mamiriro muitiro sterilizing pemvura anodyara Zvingava zvakaoma kubvisa zvisaririra zvose masero kwemabhakitiriya, akadana endotoxins. Izvi Organic zvinhu, asi kwete mupenyu, saka mbereko haisi kukwanisa kubvisa navo. Endotoxins anogona kukonzera kuzvimba post-muchibereko, inova kukonzera marwadzo uye zvinogona yematambudziko vari varwere yakasimbiswa kudyara.

Mabhomba okisijeni, wakawanirwa ehupfumi izvo zvinoita kuchenesa prosthesis uye kubvisa zvisaririra zvose Organic zvinhu, achidzikisa zvikuru mukana post-kushanda kuzvimba. Izvi zvinotungamirira kuvandudzika munzvimbo migumisiro remapazi uye zvinoderedza marwadzo pavarwere.

Relief nokuti chirwere cheshuga

The zvemichina rinoshandiswawo muna sensors kuti shuga uye nezvimwe zvokurapa uye zvipenyu monitors. Ivo kushandisa acrylic Manyiminya fibers, textured mabhomba okisijeni. kurapwa Izvi zvinoita fibers kuchenesa kunze masero matsvuku eropa, kubvumira serum anobudirira kuonana rokuti makemikari vachifunga Monitor.

Maererano Miller, Sharon, imwe zvemagetsi injiniya panguva Department of nzvimbo kwezvakatipoteredza uye kuedza Glennovskogo NASA tsvakurudzo centre, zvinoita kuti bvunzo yakawanda yakarurama, uye panguva imwecheteyo kuyera ropa shuga bvunzo zvaida vhoriyamu chiduku zvikuru ropa. Unogona kuwana bara anenge chero pamusoro muviri uye kuwana zvakakwana yakawanda ropa kuona padanho shuga.

Imwe nzira kuwana mabhomba okisijeni - rehydrogen peroxide. Zviri rakasimba zvikuru oxidizer pane samolecular. Izvi imhaka maziviro uchiora peroxide. Mabhomba okisijeni inoumbwa ichi, inoshanda zvikuru nesimba samolecular. Izvi zvakakonzera uye anobatsira kushandisa hydrogen peroxide: kuparadzwa mamorekuru ose madhayi uye zvigare.

mutsidziro

Apo basa uri pangozi kusingarapiki kwazvinoita kubvisa Organic utachiona mabhomba okisijeni angashandiswa, izvo kusiya zvinhu yakasimba muenzaniso. The kwacho anobvisa makemikari zvinhu zvose zvakadai sekabhoni kana chin'ai, asi kazhinji haana zvainoita pendi. Pigments kazhinji vane inorganic mavambo uye kare oxidized, uye izvi zvinoreva kuti havangagamuchiri kukuvadza oxygen. Organic madhayi rinogonawo zvikachenge- kunyatsoverenga count chokupfeka nguva. The jira yakachengeteka chose, nekuti mabhomba okisijeni iri kusangana chete pemvura mufananidzo.

unyanzvi mabasa inoiswa munhu Vacuum mukamuri umo oxidant aumbwa. Zvichienderana mwero kuvadza mufananidzo ugare ikoko kwemaawa 20 kusvika 400. Chaiwo pakurapa hunenge nzvimbo vachida nokudzorerwa, zvinogonawo kushandiswa karwizi mabhomba okisijeni. Izvi hakubvisi kudiwa kuisa mifananidzo iri Vacuum kamuri.

Chin'ai uye lipstick - hapana dambudziko

Museums, namaberere uye machechi vakatanga kuonana GIZ, kuponesa nokudzosa mabasa avo ounyanzvi. Research Center akaratidza kukwanisa kudzorera ukama mufananidzo pamusoro Jackson Pollock, bvisa lipstick pamwe mifananidzo Endi Uorhola uye kuponesa damage utsi kanivhasi muchechi St. Stanislaus muCleveland. Team Glennovskogo Research Centre akashandisa mabhomba okisijeni kudzosa chinyorwa anonzi akarasika - emakore-kare Italian kopi Raphael kuti "Madonna rwecheya", kuva St. Alban raMwari Episcopal muCleveland ..

Maererano Banks, ichi makemikari maatomu akafanana ndizvo chaizvo. In uri kudzorerwa inoshanda wakanaka. Zvisinei, ichi hachisi chinhu unogona kutenga mu kabhodhoro asi zviri zvikuru inoshanda.

ramangwana Studies

NASA ari reimbursable tichishandisa kushanda siyana wekuongorora zviri mabhomba okisijeni. Glennovsky Research Center anoshanda vanhu, uyo unokosha mabasa ounyanzvi kwave sei kumba moto, uyewo Makambani, akatsvaka mukana kushandisa mashoko aya mune anorapa achishandisa mitemo mafomu akadai LightPointe Medical weEdheni Prairie, Minnesota. The kambani rwakawana pevara zhinji mabhomba okisijeni uye achawana kunyange zvakawanda.

Maererano Banks, aivapo akawanda unexplored munzvimbo. It yakawanikwa vakawanda zvikumbiro nzvimbo michina, asi zvichida vazhinji vari dzokuvanda kunze nzvimbo michina.

Space basa murume

Boka masayendisiti anotarisira kuramba kuongorora nzira kushandisa mabhomba okisijeni, uyewo vaya kare akawana zvinovimbisa. michina Vakawanda patented, uye GIZ chikwata anotarisira kuti kambani achaita rezinesi uye commercialize vamwe vavo, kuti achaunza zvakatowanda zvakanakira vanhu.

Under zvimwe zvinhu, maatomu okisijeni anogona kukuvadza. Nemhaka NASA nevaongorori, fuma iri kufambira mupiro wakananga nzvimbo ubanguranyika , uye upenyu Panyika. Kana iri pakuchengetedza inokosha mabasa ounyanzvi kana utano hwevanhu, mabhomba okisijeni iri chishandiswa chine simba. Kushanda naye ari mubayiro kazana, uye migumisiro pakarepo kuoneka.