Murau webasa makemikari uye nzira dzavo

Sezvo chairema nyaya mhenyu, izvo chinoshanda sezvo iine pachena zvoutachiona gadziriro, sero inongogara vanokurukura kwokunze kwezvakatipoteredza nefuma uye simba. Kuti tirambe homeostasis mairi pane boka dzinokosha zvinhu mapuroteni hunhu - makemikari. Mamiriro, basa uye mutemo nebasa makemikari vakadzidza chaiwo bazi nemakemikari omuviri, enzymology inonzi. Munyaya ino, uchishandisa kongiri mienzaniso, tichakurukura nzira dzakasiyana-siyana uye nzira yokudzora nebasa makemikari kuri mumashoko dzakakwirira mhuka uye vanhu.

Mamiriro ezvinhu anodiwa Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri enzayemu basa

Biology basa yomuchipatara kuti zvokusarudza kuchinja zvose kuitwa maitiro uye cleavage kuratidza yaro CATALYTIC ehupfumi munyika masero pasi zvimwe ezvinhu. Somuenzaniso, zvinokosha kuti tizive zvinhu chikamu sero inoitika makemikari chichiitwa, unosanganisira makemikari. Nokuda compartmentation (mukuru weboka cytoplasm kune nzvimbo) anopikisana kuitike nenzira kwayo siyana uye organelles.

Saka, mapuroteni usage rinoitwa munyika ribosomes uye avo cleavage - mu hyaloplasm. Cellular basa mutemo makemikari izvo catalyze nokukanganisika kuita pakatarisana, kwete chete anotipa Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri nokuyerera mwero muviri, asi kunotadzisa paumbwe simba maturo metabolic anotenderera.

multienzyme kunzwisisa

Structural uye dzichipfekeka sangano makemikari, enzymatic siyana chikwata masero. Vazhinji nemakemikari kuti atore nzvimbo mariri zvinodyidzana. Kana ari multistage namakemikari kwacho chigadzirwa wokutanga kuita chinhu reactant zvakatonyanya pane izvi, kuti spatial urongwa makemikari muchitokisi kunoratidzirwa zvikurukuru zvakasimba.

Zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti makemikari pachisikirwo nyore kana mapurotini zvakaoma. Uye aikanganiswa kwavo cellular substrates yakafanira zvikurukuru vachinje warwo spatial configuration pakati tertiary kana quaternary nemamiriro peptide. Makemikari uye sei kuchinja kwete chete muna cellular parameters akadai makemikari anoumba hyaloplasm, Kuwanda reactants uye maitiro zvigadzirwa, tembiricha, asiwo kuchinja masero pedyo kana mune extracellular mvura.

Sei Sero rakakamurwa nezvikamu

Anonzwisisa uye musoro nemhuka mudziyo kunoshamisa. Izvi zvakazara zvinoshanda upenyu kuratidzwa yo muchitokisi. Nokuti musayendisiti kemisiti zvakajeka kuti multidirectional enzymatic nemakemikari Somuenzaniso kwetunhu glycolysis uye shuga anogona ngarirege zvakafanana chubhu. Saka, zvakasiyana rikaitika maitiro hyaloplasm foni chete, inova substrate kuti mufambiro wavo? Zvakaratidza kuti cellular mukati - the cytosol, - apo anopikisana urongwa zvemakemikari yaitwa spatially vakaparadzana uye yoga siyana loci - nezvikamu. Nokuda kwavo metabolic zvinoitwa dzakakwirira mhuka uye vanhu yaidzorwa kunyanya chaizvo, uye metabolic zvinogadzirwa tinoshandurirwa chimiro, nyore nyore chinopinda kuburikidza pamasvingo muchitokisi nzvimbo. Next, dzinochengetedza nechivako yaro yepakutanga. Kuwedzera cytosol, makemikari zviri organelles: ribosomes, mitochondria, neerekitironi, lysosomes.

Basa makemikari ari simba muviri

Funga oxidative decarboxylation kuti pyruvate. Mutemo CATALYTIC webasa makemikari rakachengetedzwa akadzidza zvakanaka enzymology. Izvi nokukanganisika kwacho kunoitika muna mitochondria - dvumembrannyh organelles masero eukaryotic - uye zvenguva muitiro pakati anoxic kukamurwa shuga uye ari Krebs kutenderera. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kunzwisisa - PDH - rine zvitatu enzayemu. In dzakakwirira mhuka uye vanhu kuderedza ayo zvichiitika muwanze Kuwanda acetyl-CoA uye Om, kureva panyaya dzimwe mikana yedzidzo mamorekuru kuti acetyl-CoA. Kana muchitokisi inoda uye kunoda itsva acceptor mamorekuru kuti amplification siyana tricarboxylic iine acid kutenderera zvakawanda zvikamu simba, makemikari zviri kusashanda.

Chii allosteric chinovhiringidza

Regulation webasa makemikari anogona kuitwa chaizvo zvinhu - CATALYTIC FIs. Vangave covalently chokuita zvakananga loci enzayemu, pavaigona kutora chikepe chaienda chacho vanoshingaira nzvimbo. Izvi zvinotisvitsa spatial deformation pamusoro tiwedzere mamiriro uye yaibva rinobatanidza zvinoderedza kwayo enzymatic ehupfumi. Nemamwe mashoko, pane allosteric mutemo enzayemu basa. Tinewo wedzera kuti chimiro ichi CATALYTIC chiito yokusafa oligomeric makemikari, i.e. avo vane mamorekuru ine polymeric mapuroteni subunits maviri kana kupfuura. PDH-kunzwisisa muhurukuro yapfuura rokuti anongotaurwa rine zvitatu oligomeric enzayemu: pyruvate dehydrogenase, mumwe dehydrogenase uye degidrolipoil gidrolipoil transatsetilazu.

pamutemo makemikari

Research muna Enzymology akasimbisa chokwadi kuti mwero nemakemikari kunoenderana zvose pamusoro wevasungwa uye basa tiwedzere. Kakawanda, zvikuru metabolic makwara ane makemikari inodzora maitiro mwero zvachose nzvimbo yayo.

Dzinonzi pamutemo uye kazhinji zvinokanganisa kutanga maitiro zvakaoma, uye unogona kubatanidzwa dzakawanda anononoka namakemikari pezvakaitwa nenzira kusingarapiki maitiro, kana kubatana reactants pahofisi pfungwa nenzira metabolic gwara.

Ko peptide kudyidzana

Imwe nzira iyo murau pamusoro enzayemu basa kunoitika muchitokisi iri puroteni-mapuroteni kudyidzana. Chii? Pamutemo mapuroteni ari akabatanidzwa kusvikira enzayemu Morekuru, apo activation yavo. Somuenzaniso, ari adenylate cyclase enzayemu iri romukati pemvura muchitokisi Kamudzira uye vanogona kushamwaridzana zvivako akadai kemikari Kanotokonya uye peptide anoda pakati payo uye enzayemu. Sezvo zvichiguma mukomboni kemikari Kanotokonya ikachinja mapuroteni zvenguva spatial kusimbiswa, nzira iyi kuwedzera CATALYTIC ehupfumi kuti adenylate cyclase mu nemakemikari omuviri anonzi "activation yakafanira accession pamutemo mapurotini."

Protomers vavo basa nemakemikari omuviri

Ichi boka zvinhu, zvimwe akadana mapuroteni kinases, mhanyisa kuchinjwa ari anion PO ₄ ^3- gidroksogrupp amino asidhi chomumwe peptide macromolecule. Regulation webasa makemikari protomers ichakurukurwa nesu muenzaniso mapuroteni kinase A. It Morekuru - tetramer rinoumbwa maviri CATALYTIC uye vaviri pamutemo subunits uye peptide hakurevi kushanda sezvo nokuva gombedzero sokuvapo pamutemo nzvimbo protomer akaisa mana musasa Morekuru. Izvi zvinokonzera Kushandurwa spatial maumbirwo pamutemo mapuroteni, iyo inosvitsa nokubudiswa maviri CATALYTIC kusashanda mapuroteni nezvimedu, i.e. dissociation protomers. Kana vakaparadzana pamutemo subunits pemisasa Morekuru, mapuroteni kinase akaneta kunzwisisa zvakare yokudzorerwa tetramer, sezvo kunoitika Association CATALYTIC uye pamutemo peptide inoramba. Saka, nzira murau pamusoro enzayemu basa inokurukurwa pamusoro anopa zvavo reversible hunhu.

Chemical mutemo enzayemu basa

Nemakemikari omuviri uye vakadzidza nzira idzi mutemo enzayemu basa, phosphorylation, dephosphorylation. The mashandiro kuti mutemo enzayemu basa iri nyaya ine zvinotevera chimiro: amino asidhi residues ari enzayemu ine OH ^-, vachinje makemikari nadzurudzo nokuda yokuwana fosfoproteinfosfataz. Muchiitiko chino, kutsiura amenable kune yezviri nzvimbo enzayemu, sezvamakaropafadzwa makemikari nokuda kwechikonzero zviri simba navo uye vamwe - inhibitory. fosfoproteinfosfataz CATALYTIC ehupfumi pachavo vari nokudzorwa mahormone akavapindurawo. Somuenzaniso, starch mhuka - glycogen - uye mafuta ari pakati kudya dzaputswa ari nemudumbu, kana kupfuura zvazviri, muna duodenum pasi pokudzora glucagon - pancreatic enzayemu.

Izvi dzinowedzerwa phosphorylation pamusoro trophic gastrointestinal makemikari. In yezviri nguva kugaya apo zvokudya achipinda kubva dumbu mukati duodenum, glucagon usage kunosimudzirwa. Jekiseni - imwe pancreatic enzayemu zvinoberekwa Arifa mumasero nezviduku ose Langerhans, - interacts pamwe Kanotokonya, kusanganisira phosphorylation mumwechete mashandiro Inosanganisa makemikari.

kukwana proteolysis

Sezvaunogona kuona, kwevari mutemo enzayemu basa muchitokisi zvakasiyana. Nokuti makemikari zviri kunze cytosol kana organelles (mu plasma kana ari nemudumbu), iyo nzira activation ndiwo muitiro womunhu hydrolysis kuti peptide zvisungo CO-NH. It kunodiwa, sezvo makemikari akadaro synthesized nenzira akaneta muchimiro. Morekuru iri wakanamatira nokuda enzayemu peptide mugove uye zvasara ndizvo pasi dikidiki nemamiriro yezviri nzvimbo. Izvi zvinotungamirira ndechokuti enzayemu "rinosanganisira vanoshanda mamiriro", kureva, anokwanisa kufurira nzira makemikari kwacho. Somuenzaniso, mashoko akaneta enzayemu pancreatic trypsinogen kwete unodokwairira mapuroteni chikafu kupinda duodenum. Zvinotora nzvimbo pasi zvinoitwa enteropeptidase proteolysis. Pashure iyo enzayemu iri kusashanda uye ari kunzi trypsin. Rushoma proteolysis - zvichiitika reversible. It unowanikwa nyaya dzakadai activation kuti makemikari kuti kuputsa polypeptides mu kweropa.

Basa wevasungwa zviri kutanga zvinhu muchitokisi muviri

Mutemo basa enzayemu substrate Kuwanikwa kunoonekwa pamwe vaaisangana musoro wenyaya muchikamu "multienzyme kunzwisisa." Mwero CATALYTIC siyana kuitika mumatanho akawanda, ndizvo chaizvo novimba uwandu mamorekuru ari kutanga zvinhu zviri hyaloplasm mumasero kana organelles. Izvi imhaka yokuti kumhanya ari metabolic gwara iri Proportional kuti wevasungwa pakati pokutangira zvinhu zvakananga. The makuru reactant mamorekuru riri cytosol, dzakanga kumhanya dzose nekutambira nemakemikari.

allosteric chengetedzo

Makemikari ane basa rinodzorwa kwete chete nokuda wevasungwa ari kutanga zvinhu, reagents, asiwo effector zvinhu, dzinoratidzwa vakadanwa saka allosteric murau. Vazhinji makemikari aya akapa vane zvenguva zvibereko muviri muchitokisi. Nokuda effectors uye rakatangwa murau pamusoro enzayemu basa. Nemakemikari omuviri akaratidza kuti yeimwe izvi, inonzi allosteric makemikari zvinokosha chaizvo kuti muviri masero, sezvo vane chaizvo mukuru aikanganiswa nokuchinja ayo homeostasis. Kana enzayemu kuchititadzisa makemikari maitiro, kureva izvozvo kunoderedza kwayo kumhanya - kunonzi akaipa effector (inhibitor). In nevakomana zvakadaro, kana pane nokuwedzera kuita zvazvingava, totaura activator - yakanaka effector. Muzviitiko zvizhinji yokutanga zvinhu, i.e. ari reactants vachipinda kwemakemikari mukukurukurirana kukonzera activators. Chokwadi, zvigadzirwa inoumbwa multistage siyana kuita sezvo FIs. Izvi mhando murau zvakavakwa pamusoro ukama kufungisisa pamusoro reactants uye zvigadzirwa, akadana heterotrophic.