Multicellular zvipenyu: mbeu nemhuka

Pasinei nekusiyana kwezvisikwa zveunicellular, zvipembenene zvakaoma zvikuru zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuvanhu. Zvinomiririra boka rakawanda kwazvo, rinosanganisira mamiriyoni anopfuura mamiriyoni emarudzi. Zvose zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana zvine zvimwe zvakafanana, asi panguva imwechete zvakasiyana chaizvo. Nokudaro, zvakakosha kuongorora humwe humwe ushe hwakasiyana, uye mune mhuka - uye makirasi.

Zvimwe Zvivako

Chimwe chinhu chikuru chinoparadzanisa imwe--celled uye miviri yakawanda inoratidzika. Yakasimuka munguva yekushanduka-shanduka. Somugumisiro, masero emuviri wakaoma akatanga kusanganisa, kubatana mukati mamasumbu. Iyo yakajeka inoshandisa imwe chete yemabasa ose anodiwa. Muchiitiko ichi, mbeu uye fungi zvinowanzotorwa zvakasiyana, sezvo mhuka uye masero emichero anewo kusiyana kukuru. Asi vanofanirwawo kuverengerwa mukudzidza nyaya iyi. Kusiyana nekanyoresa, iyo nguva dzose inosanganisira masero emasero, mazhinji ayo ane mabasa ayo.

Chikamu chezvinyama

Zvechokwadi, iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa miviri yakawanda mhuka. Pakati peizvi, zvakare, imhuka. Iri iklasi rakarongeka rakakosha, rinosanganisira zviuru zvina nehafu hazvo. Vamiririri vayo vanowanikwa mune chero mamiriro ezvinhu - pasi, muvhu, mumvura itsva uye yemunyu, mumhepo. Kubatsira kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemhando dzakadai pamusoro pevamwe muurongwa hwakaoma hwemuviri. Inoparadzaniswa mumusoro, mumutsipa uye mumatombo, maviri maviri mberi uye kumativi ekupedzisira, uyewo muswe. Kutenda kurongwa hunokosha hwemakumbo, muviri unosimudzwa kumusoro kwevhu, izvo zvinogonesa kufamba kwekufamba. Zvose izvi zvinoratidzika nehupamhi hwakawanda uye yakasununguka paganda rine jira, marashi, zvinonhuwira uye mammary glands ari mairi. Mhuka dzine ganda guru uye rakaoma musculature. Iko kune chidimbu chinokonzera, chinonzi diaphragm. Zvisikwa zvipenyu zvekufamba zvinosanganisira zviito zvakasiyana-siyana-kubva pakufamba kuenda kukwira. Mwoyo unoumbwa nemakamuri mana uye zvinopa ropa reropa kune nhengo dzose uye maviri. Nokufema, mapapu anoshandiswa, kugoverwa - itsvo. Uropi hune zvikamu zvishanu nezvikamu zvakakura zve hemispheres uye cerebellum.

Chikoro cheshiri

Kupindura kuti zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakadini, hazvibviri kutaura shiri. Izvo zvipenyu zvakarongeka zvakasununguka-zvisikwa zvine simba zvinogona kubhururuka. Kune zviuru zvinopfuura mapfumbamwe zviuru zvemazuva ano. Kukosha kwenyama yakasiyana-siyana yekirasi iyi inoshamisa zvikuru, sezvo inowanzoparadzirwa, uye naizvozvo inopindira mumabasa ehupfumi evanhu uye inoita basa rinokosha mumasikirwo. Kubva kune zvimwe zvisikwa zve shiri zvinokanganisa zvimwe zvinhu zvakakosha. Ivo vane miviri yakareba yakatarisana, yakashandurwa kuva mapapiro, uye kumashure, ayo anoshandiswa sekutsigirwa. Shiri dzinozivikanwa neganda rakaoma risina zvipembenene, zvine maitiro anonzi horny, anozivikanwa seminhenga. Mafupa acho akaonda uye anogara kwenguva refu, uye mhepo ine mhepo inopa chiedza chayo. Iyo muscular system inopa kukwanisa kufamba, kumhanyira, kumhanyira, kushambira, lasagna nemhando mbiri dzekutiza-kukura uye kusvinura. Zvizhinji zvezvipenyu zvinogona kufamba marefu marefu. Nyeredzi hadzina meno uye kune goiter, pamwe chete nedhipatimendi remasumbu, kugaya zvokudya. Chimiro cherurimi uye muromo kunobva pakuziva kwekudya.

Chikoro chezvikara

Zvakakodzera kutaurwa uye rudzi urwu rwezvisikwa, zvinomiririra miviri yakawanda. Mhuka dzeyikirasi dzaiva dzekutanga kuti dzive pasi. Parizvino inenge zviuru zvitanhatu zvemarudzi dzinozivikanwa. Ganda rezvinokambaira rakaoma uye risina gland, rinoshandisa stratum corneum, nguva nenguva ichiburukira mukugadzira. Simba yakasimba isina kusimba inoratidzirwa nekusimbiswa mafudzi nemabhanhire epelvic, pamwe chete nemakwenzi akagadzirwa uye mhinzwa. Nzira yekudya inenge yakareba zvakakwana uye yakanyatsosiyaniswa, zvokudya zvinotorwa nekubatsira kwemasaya ane meno akacheka. Nhengo dzekupumisa dzinomiririrwa nemapapu ane denga guru, bronchi uye trachea. Mwoyo unoumba makamuri matatu. Kutonhora kwemuviri kunoratidzwa nenzvimbo. Nhengo dzekudzivirira ndezvesvo uye chidimbu. Fertilization iri mukati, mazai anoiswa pasi uye anodzivirirwa nekakanda kana shell shell.

Chikwata chemamphibians

Kunyora zvisikwa zvakasiyana-siyana, zvakakodzera kuti titaure maAmphibians. Iboka iri rezvipfuwo rinowanikwa kwose kwose, kunyanya kufanana mumamiriro okunze anodziya uye anonaya. Vakanyatsoziva mamiriro ezvinhu enyika, asi vane hukama hwakanamatira nemvura. Paiva nemamphibians kubva kune hutsinye hwehove. Muviri weamphibia une mavara akareba uye akaparadzaniswa mumusoro, trunk uye mapaviri maviri emakumbo neminwe mishanu. Vamwewo vane muswe. Ganda rako rakasiyana neruzhinji rwezvinyorwa zvemukati. I skeleton ine mavara mazhinji. Misumbu inokubvumira kuti uite maitiro akasiyana-siyana. Amphibian zvikara, zvokudya zvinodyiwa nemudumbu. Nhengo dzekupumha dzinove ganda nemapapu. Madziya anoshandisa magirasi. Mwoyo mechipfuva chetatu, uye mabhiri maviri ekupararira kweropa - iyi sarudzo inowanzosiyana nemarudzi akawanda ezvisikwa. Itsvo dzinoshandiswa zve excretion. Fertilization iri kunze, inowanikwa mumvura, kukura kunowedzera nekugadzirisa zvirwere.

Chikoro chezvipembenene

Unicellular uye multicellular zvipenyu hazvisi zvakasiyana, uye zvinoshamisa zvinoshamisa. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvipembenene. Iyi ndiyo kirasi yakawanda-inosanganisira zvinopfuura mamiriyoni evanhu. Insectability inosiyaniswa nekukwanisa kubhururuka uye kufamba kwakakura, iyo inowanikwa nehutu hwakagadzirwa nemakumbo akabatanidzwa. Muviri unovhara chitinous cuticle, iyo yakadzika yekunze ine mafuta anochengetedza muviri kubva pakuoma, ultraviolet nekukuvadza. Kusiyana kwemukati kunopedza kukwikwidza kwemhando, iyo inobvumira kuramba ichichengetedza huwandu hwevanhu. Madiki maduku anowedzera mukana wekupona, pamwe chete nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzekubereka - parthenogenetic, bisexual, larval. Zvimwewo zvakasiyana mu polyembryony. Nhengo dzomuviri dzinoputika dzinopa kushandiswa kukuru kwegesi, uye hurongwa hwehutano hwakagadzirirwa nhengo dzakakwana dzinoita maitiro akasiyana-siyana ehutsika, akagadziriswa nemasikirwo.

Umambo hweMiti

Zvechokwadi, mhuka dzakawanda kwazvo. Asi zvakakodzera kutaurwa nezvimwe zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana - mbeu. Kune mazana anenge mazana matatu nemakumi mashanu emarudzi. Kusiyana kwavo kubva kune zvimwe zvipenyu ndiko kukwanisa kuita photosynthesis. Zvirimara zvinoshanda sezvokudya kune zvimwe zvipenyu zvakawanda. Masero avo ane masvingo akasimba e-cellulose, uye mukati maro chlorophyll. Vakawanda havakwanise kuita maitiro anoshanda. Miti yezasi inenge isina kupatsanurwa kuva mashizha, tsvina uye midzi. Green algae inorarama mumvura uye inogona kuva yakasiyana-siyana uye nzira dzekubereka. Brown akaita photosynthesis ne fucoxanthin. Red algae inosvika kunyange pakadzika mamita 200. Lichens ndiyo inotevera-umambo. Izvo zvinonyanya kukosha mukugadzira ivhu, uye zvinoshandiswawo mukurapa, perfumery uye chemakemikari. Miti yakakwirira inoratidzirwa nekuvapo kwemashizha, midzi uye mashizha. Vose vekare ndivo massie. Izvo zvakagadzirwa nemiti inogona kuderedzwa, maviri- kana kuti yakagadziriswa, uye inogadzirisawo.

Umambo hweMushroom

Zvinotarisirwa kupfuurira kumhando yekupedzisira, iyo inogona kuve yakawanda yezvinhu zvipenyu. Mbeu inosanganisa zvinhu zvezvirimwa nemhuka. Anopfuura zana remamiriyoni emarudzi anozivikanwa. Kusiyana kwemasero e-multicellular zvipenyu zvinonyanya kutaurwa mune fungi: vanokwanisa kubereka nema spores, vanogadzira mavhithamini uye vanochengetedza kusagadzikana, asi panguva imwechete, semhuka, vanogona kudya heterotrophically, musaita photosynthesis uye vane chitin, iyo inowanikwawo mune arthropods.