Muchidimbu pamusoro zvakaoma: nemamiriro pamusoro Erekitironi anoshongwa kwemaatomu

Provincial kemesitiri mudzidzisi Dzhon Dalton muna 1803 akazarura "Murayiro vakawanda zvikuru." pfungwa iyi inoti kuti kana imwe namakemikari Kufananidzira zvingaite yeimwe nevamwe zvinhu, ipapo chikamu dzose vazhinji vachawira pamusoro vazhinji mumwe fuma, uye ukama pakati pavo achava zvakafanana kuti pakati integers diki. Yaiva kuedza kutanga kutsanangura kunzwisisa maumbirwo nyaya. Muna 1808, ichi musayendisiti chete, vachiedza kutsanangura kuwanikwa nomurayiro, akataura kuti maatomu dzakasiyana zvinhu vangava makuru zvakasiyana.

The muenzaniso atomu wokutanga akasikwa 1904. Electronic nemamiriro atomu pachinhu womuenzaniso ichi, masayendisiti anonzi "puramu Pudding". Zvaidavirwa kuti atomu - muviri uine nokuchengeta, iyo noruvara yakavhenganiswa yenhengo dzayo. Pfungwa yakadaro kugona kupindura mubvunzo wokuti zvakamisa hurongwa atomu kufamba kana pa zororo. Saka, vanenge panguva imwe chete yokuti "Pudding" Japanese Nagaoka zvinganaka imwe dzidziso apo nemamiriro Erekitironi goko ane atomu akafananidza renzou. Zvisinei, achitaura kuti panguva yadzo dzichitenderera atomu yenhengo dzayo inofanira kurasikirwa simba, asi izvi hazvirevi dzinoenderana nemitemo electrodynamics, Vin vakaramba yemapuraneti dzidziso.

Zvisinei, mushure kuwanikwa Erekitironi , zvakava pachena kuti urongwa atomu zvikuru chiite kumbofungidzira. Ndine mubvunzo: chii chinonzi Erekitironi? Sei zvinoshanda? Pane dzimwe subatomic nezvimedu?

Pakazosvika mangwanani ramakumi remakore pakupedzisira wokurera yemapuraneti dzidziso. Zvakava pachena kuti Erekitironi nomumwe orbiting musimboti kufanana dzomuchadenga vakakomba zuva, ine yayo trajectory.

Asi zvimwe kuedza uye kuongorora akapikisa maonero ichi. Zvakazozivikanwa kuti pachavo trajectory kwavo, maerekitironi havasi Zvisinei, zvinobvira kuti kufungidzira imwe nharaunda umo PARTICIPLE zvinokonzerwa. Wokurarama kumativi musimboti, orbital maerekitironi vanoumba, akadana Erekitironi deko. Zvino raiva kuongorora nemamiriro Erekitironi anoshongwa kwemaatomu. Yefizikisi kuziva mibvunzo: sei maerekitironi kutama? Pane imwe inofamba arayira? Zvichida inofamba iri runobva?

Bohr mabhomba Physics nanambuya uye uwandu masayendisiti huru zvakaratidza kuti maerekitironi tenderera anoshongwa, akaitwa nhurikidzwa, uye sangano ravo anoenderana zvimwe mitemo. Taifanira kuvhara uye hwakadzama kudzidza nemamiriro Erekitironi anoshongwa kwemaatomu.

Zvinokosha kuziva maumbirwo kemisitiri, nokuti nzvimbo yacho fuma, atova yakajeka, izvozvo zvinoenderana kweguyo unhu maerekitironi. Mumaonero ichi, nomufambiro Erekitironi orbitals - rinokosha chinoratidza PARTICIPLE ichi. Zvakaonekwa kuti pedyo mwoyo weatomu, maerekitironi vari akaronga, zvikuru kuedza rinofanira kuiswa kuputsa muchisungo Erekitironi-musimboti. Maerekitironi dziri pedyo chinoumba, muri pamwe naye kunonyanyisa kubatana, asi zvishoma simba. At dzokunze maerekitironi, Ukuwo, hukama musimboti ipfupi, uye simba chengetedza anowedzera. Saka kuumbwa zvemagetsi maatomu kumativi akaturikidzana. The nemamiriro Erekitironi anoshongwa kwemaatomu vakava kunyatsooneka. It Vakawana kuti simba yomuropa (akaturikidzana) aumba pasi kudanda zvakafanana PARTICIPLE simba.

Nhasi zvinozivikanwa kuti simba pamwero runotsamira N (ndiyo nhamba quantum) uye anoenderana integers kubva 1 kusvika 7. nemamiriro Erekitironi anoshongwa ari maatomu uye Nhamba huru maerekitironi nechimwe pamwero iri pakutsvaga nzira N = 2n2.

In guru tsamba payakavakirwa unomiririra Nhamba huru maerekitironi nerimwe sandara, uye duku - Serial nhamba iyi chechetere.

The nemamiriro Erekitironi anoshongwa kwemaatomu chinoita kuti chokutanga goko anogona kuva maatomu hapana anopfuura maviri, uye wechina - kwete kupfuura 32. The yokunze, dzapedza rukoko ine haana kupfuura 8 maerekitironi. Akaturikidzana apo maerekitironi vashoma vanoonekwa sabatsira.