Boka dzidziso nezvishoma. Quantum Mechanics nokuti Dummies

Nyaya ino inotsanangura kuti boka dzidziso nezvishoma. Aratidza, chii chikonzero chiri chiratidzo cherudo sechivako yacho. Kunobva nesimbi dzakasiyana dielectrics uye semiconductors.

Rosette uye Button

Kangani ticharamba tinya siyana mabhatani rimwe zuva? Hapana kunyange akafunga kuuya havagoni kuverenga nayo - akava kujairana kuti chiito. Uye murume haana kufunga kuti izvi zvose zviri chete zvinogoneka nekuvongwa sei nyore zviri akatakura Magetsi mune simbi. Batidza chiedza, bikai muhadyana, kumhanya wokuwachisa, tisingatauri zviito pamusoro smartphones, zvinoreva kupedza edunhu uye kubvumira maerekitironi ari conductors kushanda pane vanhu. Tsanangudzo zviitiko zvakadai conductivity yakatarwa. Unonyanya pachena, zvichida, ndiye bhendi dzidziso nezvishoma.

Atomu uye kettles

Munhu wose ari kusekondari, ane pfungwa sechivako atomu. Yeuka dzakapoteredza chokwadi mhosva rinorema musimboti (ine protons uye neutrons) tenderera mumapapu vaduku maerekitironi. Nhamba kunaka nezvimedu chaizvo zvinotipa uwandu zvakanaka. Kuti varege dzikapupurira nevaverengi, tsanangura sezvinoita "Quantum Mechanics kuti Dummies." Mumwe Erekitironi muchadenga iri zvachose zvishoma, iyo inogona tenderera vakapoteredza chinoumba ari kupiwa mushonga Kufananidzira. Uyewo, mumwe mhando ane rakasiyana muenzaniso maatomu kutenderera kwakadaro. Zvakanga zvakadaro spectroscopists masayendisiti kusiyanisa Boron kubva selenium uye Arsenic kubva yavaibvisa. Zvisinei, kuwedzera kune vakachena zvinhu zvakasikwa, pane isingaperi uwandu uwandu hwakasiyana-siyana. Quantum hurongwa (For Dummies, muverengi anofanira kuyeuka) anoti ari kunzwisisa yeimwe kutenderera piringisha, batanidza, rokuchinja, akatambanudza, kutanga kubatana. Unhu hwavo kunobva mhando: covalent uye Ionic simba, rehydrogen Somuenzaniso, ndiye simba.

njenjere mamiriro

The muviri hwakasimba zvikuru rakaoma. Nokuti womuenzaniso, rinoshandisa boka dzidziso nezvishoma, kazhinji kutora sekristaro akakwana. Izvi zvinoreva kuti zvisingaperi uye pasina chivi - atomu rimwe nerimwe panzvimbo yayo, yose mutariri ndiyo razero. Kernel-chinja kumativi imwe nenzvimbo zvakanyatsoenzana, asi maerekitironi vanogona kutaura kwose. Zvichienderana sei "nyore" mumwe atomu donates yayo pedyo kunaka nezvimedu, zvinonzi akawana nokuramba wakaomerera panzira zvakafanorongwa yemagetsi maumbirwo dielectrics kana simbi gore. Ndinofanira kuwedzera kuti kana tichifunga zvinofungirwa kuti vose maerekitironi yepasisa shoma huwandu simba kwavari, izvo zvinoreva kuti muviri panguva razero Kelvin. Pana tembiricha yakakwirira, ari amplitude kuti oscillation sezvo nuclei uye maerekitironi zvakasimba uye, saka ekupedzisira vanokwanisa kugara yepamusoro simba mumatunhu. Negative nezvimedu kuparadzirwa anova "kusazvibata". Zvisinei, mune zvimwe zvinetso, zvakakosha, kutsanangura Fani iyi sezvo tembiricha kwakadaro hakusi kukosha kudaro.

Pauli musimboti uye loader

Pfungwa chehondo dzidziso nezvishoma zvinogona kuitwa zvakanaka chete kurangarira zvakataurwa Pauli nheyo. Kana isu kufungidzira kuti maerekitironi - musaga shuga, zvino, kana masaga izvi zvizhinji, zvimiso loader vachadana kumanikidza mumwe. Mumwe "bhegi" kunoitika parinoshanda muchadenga. For maerekitironi, ichi zvinoreva kuti ari kupiwa mamiriro mumwe chete anogona kuva mumwe ino. Ndicho Pauli chokudzingwa musimboti. Cherechedza kuti tine tichiyeuka yakanaka ezvinhu, kureva kudziya razero Kelvin, uye magumo sekristaro. Yose yezvinhu iri chete mamiriro ezvinhu tembiricha, zvokuimba kushushikana, zvikanganiso zvakafanana mumativi ose rose.

Electronic crystals mapazi

Munyaya sekristaro, mumwe muzvizhinji rimwe mhando kwemaatomu. Imwe nhuta yamarudzi unotora ane gumi kusvika maviri namatatu dhigirii zvinhu. Vangani moles por kilogram Somuenzaniso, munyu? Saka unogona kunyange kutaura kuti kunyange zviduku sekristaro rine maatomu unimaginably zhinji. Mumwe makemikari chaikosha ine muenzaniso racho Erekitironi kutenderera, uye zvokuita kana vari muviri mumwe shoma? Pashure pezvose, maererano Pauli chokudzingwa nheyo, vanofanira kugara akasiyana anoti. Band dzidziso nezvishoma anopa zvinotevera nzira - the Erekitironi kutenderera kuva simba siyana. Musiyano pakati pavo iduku zvokuti vari chakatsikirirwa, Akasendamira mumwe chaizvo zvakasimba kuumba chinoramba wenyika. Saka, mumwe pachiyero Erekitironi iri atomu iri kuchinjwa kuva rwokushanyira nyika muna unorema sekristaro. Zvinhu boka dzidziso nezvishoma anogona kutsanangura musiyano pakati insulators uye conductors.

Electronic mukati mapazi

Takatodzidza akakurukura chii chiri kuitika ane mugove maerekitironi, iyo iri atomu yepasisa chete muchadenga, paumbwe sekristaro. Asi maitiro avo mukati mapazi kusvikira isu takasiya unlit. Share ichi kare zvinokosha nokuti anosarudza musiyano pakati nesimbi uye vasiri simbi. Sezvambotaurwa kumusoro, boka dzidziso nezvishoma kunoratidza kuti simba yomuropa mukati boka munhu maatomu kutenderera siyana kunosiyana saka shoma kuti zvinenge kuumba chinoramba chakarondedzera. Saka, kukunda zvinogona chipingamupinyi pakati Erekitironi hakuna kuoma - chinoita pachena, nokuti izvi zvakakwana kunyange kupisa. Zvisinei, mumwe nomumwe kutendera bhendi rine parinogumira. Pane nguva dzose simba pamwero kuti kwakakwirira kana kudzika kupfuura vamwe.

Valence wairambidza, conductivity

Between zvikamu izvi vane nzvimbo simba, apo pasina pamwero panguva iyo ive Erekitironi aigona kuva. Munguva calculators, zvinoita sokuti somunhu chena pakakoromoka. Zvino akatumidza bhendi pakakoromoka. Kukunda ichi chipingamupinyi Erekitironi anogona chete jerk. Saka, anofanira kugamuchira akakodzera simba ichi. The mapazi pamwe mukuru simba, iyo iri mhando kwemaatomu akabvumidza kuvapo maerekitironi anonzi Valence bhendi, uye kuitevera - conductivity.

Metal dielectric

Conduction bhendi dzidziso nezvishoma anoramba kuti kuvapo kana kusavapo maerekitironi vari conduction bhendi anoratidza sei nyore inoyerera ichi fuma ano. Saka siyana simbi uye dielectrics. In aimbova zvazvingava, conduction bhendi kare rine maerekitironi, sezvo overlaps pamwe Valencia. A nzira kunaka nezvimedu vakasununguka kufamba pasi Zvakaitwa remagetsi munda, pasina rumwe simba chiyamuro. Naizvozvo, remagetsi mune simbi sokuti nyore kudaro, chokwadi - pakarepo, rekukwazisa munda. Uye nokuti chete chikonzero, kuti waya chakagadzirwa simbi, mhangura, aruminiyamu.

Zvinhu izvo Valence uye conduction evapambi vakaparadzana nemunhu dielectrics simba anonzi. maerekitironi aya inobatwa yepazasi chechetere kubvumirwa. Band gwanza Anopatsanura kunaka nezvimedu kubva pamwero umo vaigona kufamba famba takasununguka. Uye simba rinofanira vakaudza maerekitironi kuikurira, vaparadze acho. Kana kushandura ehupfumi ayo mhiri pamutemo. Naizvozvo, epurasitiki wrap waya inonyunguduka uye anopisira, asi asingaiti kuitisa magetsi.

semiconductors

Asi pane imwe kirasi zvenguva nezvinhu kuti vane bandgap, asi pasi zvimwe ezvinhu anokwanisa kuitisa magetsi ano. Dzinonzi - semiconductors. Kufanana dielectric, vane simba musiyano pakati conduction uye Valencia. Zvisinei, zviri zvishoma uye kukurirwa vamwe nesimba. Classical semiconductor iri nesilicon (mu Latin - Silicium). The yakakurumbira nesilicon Valley ndiyo inozivikanwa ruzivo kwakavakirwa kushandisa crystals yamarudzi uyu kuti asike zvemagetsi.