Ming imba of China. Ming ROUMAMBO

Somugumisiro, mashoko murimi mudiki yemuna hurumende Mongolian rakaparadzwa. Panzvimbo yacho Yuan youmambo (mutorwa) akauya kuna Ming youmambo (1368 -. Muna 1644 gg). Sezvo kuguma XIV mu. China huri kuwedzera mune zvoupfumi uye mutsika. The guta rekare akatanga kukura, panewo itsva, hunodzorwa wezvokutengeserana uye ndege. Muitiro yemhindumupindu munyika rinotsigirwa kwaita mafekitari, apo weboka basa kuri rakatangwa. Pakazosvika Imperial Court inokwezva zvakanakisisa masayendisiti, ezvivako uye vaimbi. Nyaya iri mumaguta kukura.

Chinese Ming hwedzinza: kwokushanduka zvoupfumi bhora

Pakarepo shure kuuya imba youmambo vakatanga dzika matanho kuvandudza mamiriro ezvinhu vanhuwo zvavo, sezvo ivo vakabatsira kubudisa kuchinja simba. Ming chigaro chakamuka North mugove hurongwa, iyo yakapedza upfumi simba aburuka vepamusoro (North China), soyuznyuchavshey kare Yuanyamm. Uye South, zvose zvakanga chaizvo zvakasiyana - landlordism yachengetwa. Mazuvaano aripo chizvidavirire uye mutero gadziriro, uyewo pfungwa zviremera kuti kudiridzwa - izvi zvose pave nokukurumidza zvoupfumi kukura.

Zvisaririra kukura madhorobha upfumi, mhosva iyo - remunharaunda specialization (mu Jiangxi porcelain kugadzirwa raiva, uye muna Guangdong - kunyanya njanji), kuti kwaita nemiitiro itsva, zvikurukuru pakati iri rokuvaka ane 4-uriri ngarava.

Zvishoma nezvishoma uye chinokosha-mari ukama. Pahwaro zvavatengesi guru pane private gadzira. Central uye Southern China rava nzvimbo panowanikwa ndege chakasimwa. Zvadaro, vanoumba mabviro kusvika pakasikwa obschekitayskogo musika (nhamba pamutemo dzaishandiswa nhumbi kwave pedyo kare kubudikidza 38).

The marapirwo

Panguva imwe chete pamusoro apa mberi zviitiko wakapindwa vakawanda kukanganiswa, mukuvhiringidza kukura dzebhizimisi (zvakanga zvakafanana nokuti yose East). Kune vaya zvinosanganisira mamiriro nevhu rakawandisa, mamiriro-anazvo fekitari, iyo inoshandirwa vanopfuura zviuru 300. Vavezi gospobory pamwe wezvokutengeserana uye ndege mabasa. Havana kupa upfumi mukana kutamira yakasiyana kugadzirwa.

Mutemo vatorwa pamusoro Ming dzinza roumambo

Panguva dzisangopfuma uye nokusimbaradza wehurumende simba riri inoitwa vakawanda tsamwisa mutemo (kusvikira 1450 rainzi "akatarisa gungwa", uye akabva atamira kune "chiso vaGiriki").

The chiitiko chinokosha nguva - kuwedzera China, izvo zvakakanganisa mamiriro yeSouth Seas.

The Ming imba, nokuda kukura zvinodiwa kugadzirisa chinetso Japanese, Chinese, Korean, piracy, akamanikidzwa kusika neboka rengarava, iyo kuverengwa ngarava 3,500. Uyezve kukura kwoupfumi vakabatsira kuti basa sekuda nomwe vakaparadzana nzendo nezvikepe vachitungamirirwa mukuru wechiEtiopiya Chzhen He, kuEast Africa. Izvi wengarava mukuru akanga ari kurasa hombe 4-anohukomba zvikepe 60, izvo yakasvika 47 metres refu, vaiva pretentious mazita akafanana "Harmony Clear", "Kubudirira uye kubudirira." On nomumwe aiva vashandi vanhu 600, kusanganisira vamiriri boka.

Excerpt kubva logbooks

Maererano navo, panguva rwendo kuenda kumhenderekedzo East Africa, Zheng, Tsanangura kuti mutauro ano, pagungwa akaita chinyararire uye nokuzvininipisa. Zvisinei, nguva nenguva duku vatorwa havana kuteerera vavariro vaizviita yamambo.

Ming hwedzinza: History

Kusimbisa Zhu Yuanzhang (pakutanga Chinese Emperor) panguva 70-80. Ndakaita hwokupedzisira kudzingwa wenyika eMongolia kubva munyika yavo, kudzvinyirira kuitwa munzanga pemitongo pakati Chinese vanhuwo zvavo kuburikidza dzisangopfuma nzira uye kusimbisa simba rake pachake. Zvinetso zvakadaro zviri kugadziriswa kuwedzera hondo, kusimbisa centralization, kushandiswa zvikuru zvakaoma nzira, zvakakonzera Kusagutsikana muzvikamu zvose vemo.

Panguva iyoyowo vakaomerwa masimba zviremera zvomunzvimbo Emperor vaivimba dzimwe mhuri, akazova vatongi - nemagudzu (zita) fiefdoms nezvokuti, yake mafungiro, zvikuru hwakavimbika ndivo vana uye vazukuru.

Vanstva dzose pamusoro nyika: pamusoro arikunze vakaita kuzvidzivirira mashandiro pamusoro kutyisidzira kubva kunze, uye pakati akaita somunhu aenzanise kuti separatism uye insurgency.

Muna 1398, akafa mambo Zhu Yuanzhang, pashure iro dare camarilla, mukuru yakananga venhaka ayo, paakagadzwa Zhu Yunvenya - mumwe vazukuru vake.

Board Zhu Yunvenya

Akatanga vakaisa maziso pamusoro yemberi ezvinhu akasikwa sekuru vake. Ndiyo yaiva mhaka hondo Tszinnan (1398 -. 1402 gg). The Standoff yakaguma kubatwa guru umambo mutongi Nanjing Beijing - mwanakomana mukuru Zhu Yuanzhang, Chzhu Di. It nomoto pamwe nemudzivisi ake.

mambo rechitatu Ming dzinza roumambo

Zhu Di akaramba vake baba wokuti centralization wenyika, panguva iyoyowo nokuramba vanstv yaivapo system (muna 1426 akanga woutsinye pokupanduka vasingagutsikani Vanir). Iye kuzokomba E kuziva uye zvakasimbisa kukosha mumuzinda chakavanzika mabasa ari utungamiriri kwacho.

Kana ndafunga nyaya pachinhu vokuChina guta, iro zvikuru enyika kurema South uye North. Saka, yokupedzisira nokuita sezvo Dzinde Chinese budiriro, ari kurasikirwa kukosha kwayo muna III - V emakore. muchifarira yokutanga nokuda kuramba ngozi yacho muArabhu. zvikamu izvi munyika - mutakuri kwetsika vangasimudzira zvakasiyana, mentalities: southerners - mugere, vasine hanya, uye Northerners - simba, simba, vane yakakwirira munzanga - "Han-yokuita zvakanaka zvoga zvoga." Zvose izvi kutsigirwa aivapo mutauro (dialectic) kusawirirana.

Yuan uye Suna ndasarudza enyika mujinga North, asi Ming youmambo, Ukuwo, kuchamhembe. Izvi ndizvo zvakaita kuti kuhwina.

Muna 1403 mambo mutsva iripo Beypin (rakashandurwa kuti "pacification of North"), zita Beytszin ( "Northern Capital"). Saka kusvikira 1421, China aiva maguta maviri guta - Imperial kuchamhembe uye hurumende-muboka revatungamiriri kumaodzanyemba. Chzhu Di Saka kuparadza simba uye kumaodzanyemba pachake apo nokunyima kunyanya rusununguko wokumaodzanyemba muboka revatungamiriri (Nanjing).

Muna 1421 akauya yokupedzisira nenzvimbo guta iri North. Panyaya iyi, iyo Ming hwedzinza akagovera pachayo achitsigirwa kuchamhembe Chinese kwevanhu uye zvakasimbisa munyika yokuzvidzivirira.

Madzimambo enyika Ming

Sezvambotaurwa, chigaro ichi akatonga China kubva 1368 kusvika pamakore muna 1644. Min chakatsiva Mongolian Yuan ari dzakakurumbira chimurenga. Ekune madzimambo dzinza roumambo ichi akatonga kwemakore 276. Zvivanakire, madzimambo ari Ming youmambo akarongwa ari tafura pazasi.

The Zvaizobuda Hondo Varimi '

Zvakanga iye vaikonzera kuwa Ming dzinza. Zvinozivikanwa kuti vanhu murimi mudiki hondo, mukusiyana kune vamukira, kwete chete rakawanda, asi kukanganisa zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana kwevanhu. Zviri akawanda, chinoenderera, rakanyatsorongwa, kurangwa nokuda kuvapo uye Kuwanikwa gozvo centre dzidziso.

Zviri kunzwisisa chiitiko ichi muudzame, kunzwisisa sei zvimwechete zvakaitika kuwa Ming dzinza.

Danho rokutanga murimi mudiki sangano rakatanga muna 1628 uye kwemakore 11. 100+ maronda vakatadza tibatane, tichitarisa zvange woutsinye. Danho rechipiri vakauya 1641 uye kwakatora makore 3 chete. Iye kuenda kuUnited apanduka vanokwanisa mukuru mukuru Lee Tszychen. Iye akakwanisa vazhinji raivapo runobva yomuka squads dzinoumba murimi mudiki hondo, izvo zvakasiyana kurangwa, aiva nzira yakajeka uye nzira.

Lee kukurumidza kufambira mberi pasi sirogani akakurumbira pakati zvavo pamusoro kuparadzwa pakati Ming dzinza. Iye waitsigira yezvisikwa kuenzana, akapa vimbiso pamusoro achinyima kwemitero pakupera hondo.

Sezvo zvikazikamwa, ari mangwanani 26.04.1644 pamusoro bhero, iyo akadana vashumiri vauye mambo Chong Zhen muvateereri, hachizi hapana akauya. Akati kuti ichi ndicho mugumo, boka racho ake akatanga kupfikura. The Empress Wakapedzisira akatendeukira kumurume wake uye vakamuudza kuti kwemakore 18 akanga vakazvipira kwaari, asi iye haana hanya kuti ateerere, izvo zvakaita kuti akadaro. Zvadaro, Empress akarembera pabhandi rake.

The Emperor haana kusarudza, sei clumsily kuuraya ake mwanasikana uye nomurongo munondo akarembedza pachake pamusoro bhandi iri pachena. Zvichitevera mambo, maererano netsika nguva, vakashaya vose 80 zviuru. Officers. Maererano neimwe shanduro, Kesari Great akasiya katsamba pamusoro chimedu nesirika, iyo yakanyorerwa Lee Tszychenu. Mairi akati kuti machinda ose - vatengesi, tichitarisa iyo vakafanirwa norufu, vanofanira kuurayiwa. Emperor takarurama kwake kubva upenyu kusada kusungwa kusvika pakupedzisira kwazvo, kusaremekedza vaanotonga. Pashure pemaawa mashomanana nhume mutori waienda muviri Kesari kubva muti, uye ipapo akamuisa mubhokisi, iyo aida varombo.

The guva guru Ming hwedzinza

More chaizvo, paguva, sezvo nharaunda yakakurumbira chirangaridzo makuva namatatu madzimambo imba youmambo. Guva Ming asiwo 40 sq. ? km. Riri anenge 50 km kubva Beijing (rwokumusoro) mujinga pamakomo guru kudenga hurefu. Rinda Ming youmambo pandandanda UNESCO World Heritage Site. Vanhu vazhinji vanouya Beijing chete kuzomuona.

mhedziso

ChiManchu joko ichangogadzwa Qing imba, zvinogona kunzi, yakanga kwakaitwa nyika panguva European Bourgeois nokumukirana, kuti mhosva China ne zvakawanda 268 makore kurega kunotanga enyika uye socio-ezvoupfumi pamberi kukura dzayaitonga kuwedzera pamusoro chikamu Europe.

Vaviri the Dynasties simba kupfuura - the Ming uye Qing. Asi kusiyana navo rakakura: wokutanga yakaratidza vanhu mukana kupinda itsva, mberi nenzira, ngaanzwe kunzwa vakasununguka uye hunogutsa. Wechipiri wakaparadza zvose zvakasikwa makore akawanda nokuneta, akaita reclusive mamiriro.