Yuan imba. Mongol nguva Chinese munhau. Kublai Khan

Yuan imba chaizvoizvo mutemo muna China mumwe nehafu emakore. Raiva Mongolian zvayo dzinza sezvamunoita, izvo kwazvo zvakakanganisa zvetsika Chinese Hurumende marongerwo uye socio-enyika nemamiriro nyika. Nguva yake yokutonga inowanzopiwa aionekwa munguva kurega kunotanga, umambo, sezvo dzimwe nyika nechisimba zvinoodza paupenyu ayo zvemukati kukura.

The eMongolia

Kwemazana emakore anoverengeka China yave uchikurukura Prairie nevavakidzani vayo, izvo, kurutivi rumwe rutivi, akakwereta kuzadzisa ayo zvikuru muvakidzani, uye Ukuwo, rine kumanikidzwa simba. The wokumwe hwedzinza vaibudirira hakuzivani munhoroondo yacho. Mumwe inowanzorimwa pemarudzi akadzungaira pamusoro Chinese pamuganhu, akanga Mongolian. Pakutanga eMongolia vaiva chikamu kuSiberia Tatars, uye kunyange zvazvo aikudzwa pakutaura uye ethnically, zvisinei rudzi vava kusvika remakore rechi12 pakupedzisira kuumbwa.

sangano uto

Mamiriro hwachinja pakutanga raitevera remakore, kana vsemongolskom kurultai Khan akaziviswa mukuru mutongi wavanhu. Iye akasikwa rakanyatsorongwa, akadzidziswa hondo, izvo, chokwadi, akanga nomuzongoza kweuto-enyika marongerwo. Vanachandagwinyira centralization, kuranga simbi akabvumira ichi dzinza zviduku kuhwina kupfuura nhamba okukunda munzvimbo kuAsia uye pakusika kwavo mamiriro.

China muna XII-XIII emakore

Yuan hwedzinza akatanga kutonga kwayo ezvinhu asi zvakaoma. Chokwadi chokuti nyika yakanga zvinobudirira muzvikamu zviviri. Izvi imhaka zvavakawana ari zvehondo yorudzi Jurchen, uyo akabata dzayo kuchamhembe chikamu. Kumaodzanyemba kwaiva Song youmambo Empire, izvo akaramba kushanda zvetsika Chinese dzemunharaunda uye tsika. Kutaura zvazviri, chikamu ichi ehurumende rava muzinda wetsika, iyo ichiri vakatonga chiConfucian, zvatinosiita administrative ezvinhu kwakavakirwa yekare mamiriro bvunzo kuti kubvuma basa vakuru.

Kuchamhembe kune Jin Empire, vane vatongi vave kukwanisa zvakajeka kukurira kumaodzanyemba nharaunda. Vane chete mutero kwavari ari muchimiro sirivha uye sirika. Asi pasinei ichi panzvimbo rinorema kuti yuzhnosunskogo China chibvumirano munzvimbo idzi akaramba kukudziridza upfumi, tsika, administrative hurongwa. The akakurumbira mufambi M. Polo vakaenda kuchamhembe China, wakamuita chikuru pfungwa pamwe uri ake, upfumi, upfumi kunyatsoshanda. Saka, nheyo Jin youmambo haana kwakatungamirira pakuparadzwa kwenyika, izvo akakwanisa kuchengetedza tsika dzavo uye tsika.

kukunda

Nechekwokutanga kwezana remakore rechi13, nyika eMongolia vakatanga rutsigiro dzavo. L.Gumilev vakavaona kumhanyira somumwe zvikuru unoshamisa kuratidzwa ngarurege dzavanhu. rudzi urwu zvehondo akakunda Central Asian nharaunda, kunokunda mamiriro Khorezm shahs, akabva atamira yokuRussia nyika uye vakakunda wemasangano wamachinda. Vakabva vabata Chinese mamiriro. Muzukuru Genghis Khan akaita zvose muchiuto uye nedzenyu nzira: somuenzaniso, akatsvaka kutsvaga rutsigiro Rwiyo kwamachinda. Kunyange zvakadaro, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti hurumende zasi akaramba kwenguva refu, kwemakore makumi mana. Madzimambo ayo kusvikira ichangobva vakabata mutsetse pamusoro zvisingaiti, zvokuti chete muna 1289 yose China yaitongwa yavo.

Gumi yokutongwa rokutanga

Pakutanga New Yuan chigaro kutanga kwazvo kukurira kurwisa. Vakatanga vakawanda kuuraya uye kuurayiwa, vanhu vazhinji vakanga varanda. Mushure mechinguva kwakasarudzwa kuparadza vamiririri kupfuura yekare Chinese genera uye mhuri. Kubva zvachose zvachose vanhu rwakaponeswa ndechokuti vatongi itsva akatora nhoroondo kuti zviri isingadhuri varambe unorema kubva mitero kuna Treasury. Mukuwedzera, vanopinda nechisimba vaida yepamusoro vashandi kuti basa venyika ichi chikuru. Mumwe kidanskih mazano zano mutongi mutsva kuramba yomunharaunda vachikwanisa kutarisira. Yuan chigaro yakatora pamusoro hafu remakore uye gumi kwake ushe vokutanga pakataurwa zvoupfumi munyika, kuderera akasvika muguta, kutengeserana, kurima, uyewo rinokosha kudiridza hurongwa. Zvizhinji vokuparidzira yakanga kana kuparadzwa kana varanda, kana vari varombo, vanoshayiwa chinzvimbo. Kunyange zvakadaro, pashure maviri kana matatu emakore, nyika yakatanga zvishoma nezvishoma pakurwara nokurohwa kwariri.

The yokutanga Emperor

Muvambi imba itsva yakanga Kublai Khan. Zvaakanga ndakunda nyika, iye akabata wandei zvinhu kuti neimwe nzira zvinoenderana zvavo umambo zvakanaka. Wakapamura nyika kupinda gumi mumatunhu uye vakauya kuna basa nevamwe vazhinji madzinza nezvitendero. Saka, pane dare wake kumbonyanya yepamusoro maigara Venetian achitengesa uye mufambi Marco Polo, kuburikidza izvo hurumende yakanga yatangwa nevanhu vokuEurope. Uyezve, akavhomora ake ezvinhu, vaKristu kwete chete, asiwo vaMuslim, vaBuddha. Kublai Khan sevasingafungi vamiririri venyika chitendero chechipiri, izvo akakurumidza kupararira munyika. Kuwedzera poushe, akanga achiparidza mabhuku Somuenzaniso, zvinozivikanwa kuti akanyora nhetembo, zvisinei, izvo, mumwe chete vakapona.

nemagariro pakakoromoka

The First Emperor akagadzirawo nechokwadi kupinda mutauro Mongolian mune pamutemo mubhizimisi mapepa. On mirairo ake, mumwe muBhudha mumongi akaisa pamusoro chaiyo arufabheti, iyo yakaumbwa hwaro inonzi mativi tsamba, vakapinda pachena-administrative nemashoko. chiyero Izvi zvinogona kutsanangurwa ndechokuti vamiririri imba youmambo itsva vaiva akaoma nemhaka nemagariro chipingamupinyi pakati pavo uye runodiwa. Zvakanaka-yakasimbiswa, izvo raishanda kwemazana emakore zvematongerwo enyika nemagariro evanhu gadziriro umambo, inobva chinyakare chiConfucian, akanga zvachose nomutorwa kuti mweya vanopinda nechisimba. Havana kugona uchitevedzera kuti mukaha, kunyange vamwe vakatora matanho kuita kudaro. Zvisinei, kuedza kwavo chikuru, kunyanya pazuva rokutanga bhodhi iri nguva, akagadzirirwa kuisa Chinese mune kuzvimiririra chinzvimbo. First mutauro Mongolian awana mamiriro ehurumende, ipapo chinyakare kuongororwa hurongwa yakaguma, izvo akapa inoshanda utariri. nezviyero zvose izvi zvine chaizvo inokanganisa zvipfuwo zvematongerwo enyika Empire.

utariri matambudziko

Kublai Khan, muzukuru Genghis Khan, akawedzera mamiriro kuita zvairayirwa dzinoverengeka yakavakidzana nharaunda. Zvisinei, ake achienda vokuJapan uye Vietnamese nyika kwakakundikana. Akanga atova makore rokutanga rokubata kwake ushe, akatotora wandei matanho streamline kwokubatsira munyika. Kunyange zvakadaro, munguva Mongol pakudzorwa the Chinese Kutarisirwa akanga ari nani rinorema uye zvakaoma ezvinhu nokuti chokuti Confucian vakadzidza vakanga vasingagoni bhizimisi: zvose zvikuru hurumende uye vemauto namagwatidziro inogarwa vamiririri kwamachinda mutsva, vakanga vasingakwanisi ajairane zvetsika nemagariro uye tsika vakakunda vanhu. Izvi zvakaita kuti zvinhu chaizvoizvo pasi zvakananga simba eMongolia vaiva muruwa guru uye yakabatana kuchamhembe-okumabvazuva nharaunda, apo mune dzimwe nharaunda yaitotarisira nezviremera zvomunzvimbo, masimba Zvisinei, iyo, dzakanga hakugumiri guru vakuru akatumira kubva pakati.

The weboka VOKUPARIDZIRA

Yuan imba mu China haasi wokutanga vatorwa mutemo munyika. Zvisinei, kana vamwe vakakwanisa kuchinja tsika nyika iyi, kudzidza mutauro, tsika, uye pakupedzisira batanidza zvachose nevanhu vomunzvimbo yacho, asi eMongolia havana vanokwanisa kuzviita. Zvichida ichi ndicho nokuti kuti (kunyanya pakutanga) Chinese vairangwa, kwete achivabvumira kutarisira. Mukuwedzera, vari pamutemo akakamura vanhu muzvikwata zvina yakavakirwa dzechitendero uye madzinza nemitsetse. Zvikurukuru, ropafadzo rukoko vaiva eMongolia, uyewo vamiririri mbuva, vaiva chikamu mauto avo. Unorema vakawanda vakaramba dzisakarurama, uye vagari rwezasi vakawanda vave yaitwa rakadzika dhigirii. Zvose izvi zvikuru chinochemedza kukanganisa basa, izvo varasikirwa vashandi vayo zvakanaka. Mukuwedzera, vamiririri Mongol youmambo akatsaura zvakasimba southerners uye northerners, pakati pavo, uye naizvozvo kwakanga Misiyano. Uyewo, hurumende chabvisa kwegadziriro bvunzo, yakarambidzwa Chinese kudzidza unyanzvi hondo, kudzidza mitauro yokumwe.

convergence

Mongol nguva Chinese munhoroondo vaisagona kuramba kungovimba mhirizhonga. Zvinonzi vainzwisisa mambo imba itsva, iyo pashure kwekanguva akatanga kutevera mutemo rapprochement pamwe Chinese vanogara. Wokutanga danho rinokosha mirayiridzo iyi yaiva kudzorerwa kuongororwa hurongwa rokutsvaka vakuru mubasa. Mukuwedzera, pakupera kwezana remakore rechi13 vakatanga kuonekwa vanhu zvikoro staffing. Academy yadzorerwa, vairinda mabhuku uye akashanda yuzhnosunskie nemasayendisiti. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kuongorora akatanga kupora akasangana dzinotyisa zvikuru nemishonga pakati Mongol kwamachinda, vaida kuramba achitungamirira chinzvimbo muminda ose evanhu uye zvematongerwo enyika upenyu. Kunyange zvakadaro, mashoko Chinese tsika akava zvakarwadza chaizvo kuMongolian nhoroondo kunyora. Vezvematongerwo uye zivai vakatanga kuita Chronicle ake, vakazochinja akaumba hwaro "Yuan Shi".

historiography

Izvi muunganidzwa nhoroondo akanga rakanyorwa mumazuva anotevera Ming hwedzinza mangwanani muzana remakore rechi14. In kunyora yake zvaida nguva, anenge makore makumi mana. Zvapedzisira ezvinhu rinotsanagurwa ndechokuti pakutanga akanga akanzi kukurumidza, asi haana kufanana mambo mutsva, saka yaifanira redone. Zvisinei, pasinei Reservations, repetitions kana wedzero zvikanganiso, tsime iri rakasiyana Monument nhoroondo yacho Yuan dzinza. Zvinokosha zvikuru nokuti zvinosanganisira vazhinji magwaro yepakutanga, zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa, mitemo uye mirayiro vatongi. Nokuti zvinyorwa compilers kunyange akaenda kuMongolia. Uyezve, havana anokwezvwa dzomunharaunda Delivery rondedzero mhuri dombo repaguva zvinyorwa uye mabasa munyori. Nokudaro, "Yuan Shi" ndechimwe zvinofadza zvikuru Zvivako zviri kudzidza nguva.

dambudziko

Kuwa imba youmambo imhaka yokuti umambo vatongi vasina kugona kudzidza kubva Chinese tsika, uye kuchinjira kune tsika nzira kumhanya nyika. Akapiwa kushaya vomunharaunda Confucian vakadzidza dzematunhu zvinoitwa Vakanga vangosiyiwa. The wokupedzisira mambo Toyon Temur haana kubatanidzwa utariri. Kana zviri chaizvoizvo simba rose rakanga mumaoko chancellors ake. Zvinhu zvanyanyoipa uye nokuda kuti kuwedzera kunetsana pakati Mongol kwamachinda. Pakarepo riwedzere kuti kuputika dzakakurumbira hasha somutariri budiriro dhamu iri Yellow River. The rwizi dzinoputika dzarwo uye zvikazara minda, richiuraya ezviuru zvevanhu.

Kuwa Mongol pakudzorwa

Under izvi ezvinhu, unorema kubva murimi mudiki vemo wakamutswa kundorwa nechisimba. Kusashanda repachivande, izvo chokwadi akatungamirira sangano. It akasimuka uye shirilos pasi masirogani dzechitendero chiBuddha, asi ayo chaizvoizvo yaiva nyika-nyika, sezvo vapanduki vakaedza okugumburisa wokumwe dzaanodzora. Kupanduka ichi akasvika pakuzivikanwa se "armbands matsvuku". Muna 1368 iri Mongol hwedzinza havasisipo muna Empire, uye mutongi wayo wekupedzisira Toyon Temur akatizira kuMongolia, apo akafa makore maviri gare gare. Chikonzero chikuru kuwa yakanga yakadzika womukati dambudziko, izvo akamuka nokuda kutadza pakati eMongolia kudzidza zvetsika Chinese utariri. mambo mutsva inotangwa ari Ming youmambo uye akadzorera chetsika chiConfucian munyika. Muvambi imba itsva akadzoka yakare hurongwa basa, zvichibva zvetsika Chinese tsika.