Mapeji ehupfumi hweNyika Yechipiri: tangi hondo pedyo neSenono, July 1941

Hondo yeSenno (kana kuti neLepel counterattack) yakaitwa musi waJuly 6-10, 1941, yakaramba isingazivikanwi kune zvizvarwa, kunyange zvazvo maererano nenhamba yematangi inobatanidzwa, inofananidzwa muchiyero kuhondo yeProkhorovka panguva yeHondo yeKursk. Kufanana nedzimwe zviitiko zveRed Army yenguva iyo, kushanda uku kwaiva kumwe kuedza kusingabudiriri kumisa chigumbu cheGermany pachigamba chekutanga cheGreat Patriotic War. Munzira dzakawanda, kunyanya nekuda kwekukundikana kwesangano reSoviet muByelorussia, akaramba ari asina kufanirwa kutaurwa zvisingambofananidzi zviitiko zvekutyisa kwekuzhizha-kwekupedzisira kwema1941.

Mamiriro ekushanda

Hondo yeropa pedyo neSenono yakanga iri kuedza kwekupedzisira kweArmed Army kuedza kupesana neatangi. Mushure mokurwisana, zvitunha zvakagadziriswa zvakaguma, uyezve kumwe kuedza kubvuma muvengi wekutanga muna 1941 kwakave nekurwiswa nekuumbwa kwemauto. Vhiki yechipiri yehondo yapera, uye maGermany atopfuura kare makiromita 500 - hafu yemuganhu kubva kuMuganhu kusvika kuMoscow. Apo Hondo yeSenono yakatanga, kukanganisa kunoshamisa kwe Wehrmacht kwakanga kwave kutotamira mberi mberi kwaVitebsk naOrsha.

Murairo mukuru weuto reGermany kubvira pakutanga wakasarudza nzvimbo yepamusoro yeEastern Front senzira huru yekuendesa kuSoviet Union. Hondo yeboka reChipatara yakatumirwa pano - mune dzimwe nzira yakapfuura dzimwe mbiri dzeSouth neNorth pamwe chete. Zvikamu zvemichina zvemaJalimane zvaive zve 2 nd uye 3 r Tank Group - muhuwandu huwandu hwemotokari uye 9 matanho evanhu vaivapo.

Ichi chiyero chekuvhiringidza chakaita kuti zvikwanise kuita zvinyorwa zvakadzika uye zvakapoteredzwa nemauto eSoviet. Zvikamu zveWest Front zvechokwadi zvakakundwa nokukurumidza. Nenguva yaJuly 3, maGermany ainge apedza basa rekupedzisira rekurwisana. Kurasikirwa kweSoviet kwaive kukuru-zvinenge zviviri kubva kune zvitatu zvezvose zvakatarisana nemakamuri. Muchikamu ichi kubva mu "boilers" pane 1 kusvika 2 000 vanhu vakasara. Zvose zvombo zvinorema (ndege, matangi, zvombo) zvakarasika. Inyanzvi iyi yakakandwa mumigwagwa. Murairo wepamberi wekukundikana uku wakasungwa uye kuputirwa (kusanganisira Gavhuna Dmitry Pavlov). Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, hondo yeSeneno yakatanga. 1941 ndiro gore rakaipisisa kwazvo rehondo, uye rakarongwa counteroffensive rakavimbiswa kuva isina kusimba zvakanyanya maererano nekurasikirwa kwevanhu kupfuura kare kare kuedza kurambidza maGermany kukuvadza.

Counterstrike Plan

Mhedziso yepasi yeLepel yaifanira kurwisa matanho eTehrmacht vasati vamboita mauto ainge aswedera kubva kuMinsk vaifanira kushamwaridzana navo. Urongwa urwu hwakanga huchienderana neimwe yenzira huru dzehondo - kupwanya muvengi mune zvikamu. Mukuwedzera, ruzivo rwemavhiki maviri okutanga ekukwikwidzana nevaJalimane rwakaratidza kuti mutsara wepfuti kupatsanurana kurwisana nematangi emagetsi hauna kukwana. Nokudaro, zvaiita sezvinonzwisisika kuita chirongwa chekugadzirira kupikisa masimba asina simba eWehrmacht. Izvi zvaifanirwa kuva kubva pakuona mazano ehondo hondo yeSenno.

Mbudzi 1941 yakanga isiri nguva yakaipisisa yekupikisa munharaunda ino. Vazhinji vehurumende dzeGermany vakatamira kwete kumabvazuva, asi kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero - hutungamiri hweWehrmacht dzakaedza kuyambuka Western Western dvina nokukurumidza . Munharaunda yeSoviet strike chete mauto maviri akaparara (17 ne7th Panzer), kunyange zvazvo vaiva simba rinotyisa.

PaEvha weHondo

Pamwe manheru eJuly 4, Semen Timoshenko (uyo akazova mutungamiri weWest Front zuva iroro), Herman Malandin naLev Mehlis vakabvumirana nemirairo, iyo yakagadzirisa basa rokugadzirira kupikisa kunotungamira Ostrovno neSenono. Pfungwa yekupedzisira yeainyangadza yakasimbiswa Lepel, uyo akapa zita rose rekushanda. Zvisinei, kunyange panguva yekugadzirira, kupikisa muhutungamiri hweWest Front kwakakanganisa zvakakomba. Mikana ye muvengi yakanga isina mhosva, iyo yakaratidzwa zvakajeka neHondo yeSenono. Mufananidzo wacho kubva kune epicenter yehondo munguva iyoyo yekuvhiya yakanga yava kuda kuenda, asi nokuda kwekurashikirwa kumwe kunogona kunzwisiswa kuti Red Army formation yakakundikana basa ravo.

Murairo weWestern Front wakakurumidza nesangano rekodzero zvakare nokuti nguva yakashandira muvengi. Kwapera vhiki, mapoka ezvikepe zvevaJalimane, apedza kukomba kweMinsk neBialystok "boilers", vaifanira kuswedera mberi. Muchiitiko ichi, chiyero chemasimba chakashanduka zvikuru. Zuva rimwe nerimwe Red Army yakazviwana mumamiriro ezvinhu anowedzera kuoma, uye kunonoka kunyange mumaawa mashomanana kwaidhura zvikuru.

Gadzirira kugadzirisa hondo, Mechananized Corps yechinomwe pasi pemurairo weVinogradov akatamira kumavirira kubva kuMusangano weMasvingo eMoscow musi waJune 24. Motokari pamagetsi akaiswa ari oga, uye teknolojia yemagetsi yakatakurwa pamafurati. Pamwe munzira, zvikwata zvakagadzirwa nemaitiro zvakagamuchira mabasa matsva kakawanda, sezvo mamiriro ezvinhu muBelarus akachinja nokukurumidza.

Kuwirirana kwesimba

Iyo yeGermany 7th Panzer Division yaiva yakarongeka isiri yekugadzira kwakadaro. Icho chaisanganisira mauto 4. Nhamba ye matanki yaiva rekodhi yese yeEastern Front - 265 combat units, iyo mumavhiki maviri ekurwisana makumi maviri nemaviri yakarasika. Zvisinei, Soviet 7th Mechanized Corps yaiva nemotokari kaviri yakawanda.

Yakawanda yepaki yeGermany yakakonzerwa nechechi yeCzech "Skoda" muna 1938 yakabudiswa. Aya matangi emoto akanga ane gun-37 mm uye akaungana pamakwikwi nemabhoti. Apo muvengi wekombe akawirwa, izvozvi zvigadziriswa ndokukuvadzwa nevashandi. Saka zvakaoma zvikuru kudana "Skoda" chimiro chekugadzira. Mukuwedzera kwavari zvakanga zvichiri chiedza PZ-II. Vakanga vakashonga zviduku zviduku makumi maviri nemakumi maviri. Mumakamuri eSoviet pane KV neT-34. Unyanzvi hwemagetsi hwakabvumira muhuturo nemuenzaniso wekuGermany wakarondedzerwa pamusoro apa kuti urege kukonzera paki yose, uchibhadhara zvakanyanya kurasikirwa. Yaiva hondo yakadaro mumifananidzo yake yakaratidzwa nemuongorori Nikolai Nazarchuk. "Hondo yeSenno" nemudzidzisi weBelarusian yakave imwe yemifananidzo yakajeka zvikuru yehondo iyoyo.

Artillery nevana

Mumakamu ematangi, matangi aiva "mapfumo emapfumo," asi chero yakadaro yakarongeka inoda "shaft" - mauto nevana. Chii chaiva mamiriro ezvikamu izvi mumakakatani eGermany? Hondo yemauto yaiva nemapuranga makumi matatu nemakumi matatu (mazana matatu nemazana mana). Aya mafananidzo akanga akanyanya kuzvininipisa kupfuura Soviet. Muviri tangi kugovana kwaive kune anenge zana pfuti. Chiyero muzvikepe zvakange zvakafanana: 15 mauto ehondo yeBlack Army anosangana nechina mu Wehrmacht.

Munharaunda yezvinonyangadza zveManikianized Corps 7, huwandu hwaSoviet hwepamusoro hwakanga huri mbiri, uye mu 5 Mechanized Corps yaive yechinomwe nemasere. Nhamba huru yematangi gare gare yakava chikonzero chokuenzanisa hondo yeSeno nehondo yainzi Prokhorov munguva yeHondo yeKursk muna 1943.

Vane Mechanized Corps yechishanu vakange vane sarudzo yavo yakasiyana-siyana - mairi maviri ezvinyorwa zvezvombo zvaiiswa pairi. Aya maumbirwo akawedzerwa kubva munzvimbo yakachengetwa sangano reWest Front. Vaivewo vainzi mauto ezvombo zvehurumende. Chimwe chinhu chinokosha chekuumbwa kweizvi kwaiva kuvepo kwezvipfuti zvinorema-vajiji 122-mm uye 152-mm mhepo. Havana kusika chete mashematical, asiwo hukuru hwepamusoro pamusoro pezvombo zvevavengi.

Hondo yeSenno ingadai yapera nekukurumidza kudai maGermany vakanga vasina kusiya vaviri vavo vaifambisa zvombo zvehondo mauto kuBorisov , hondo yezvigadziri uye kupesana kwetangi. Aya maumbirwo akagara achichengetedza zvakakosha pakuyambuka mhiri kweBerezina. Izvi zvikamu zvakanga zviri pedyo neSeno chete musi waJuly 7, kuderedza huwandu hwepamusoro hwehutatu hwemasikisi akaiswa kune maviri.

Kutanga kwepamberi

Musi waJuly 5, 1941 magadzirira akatanga neHondo yeSenono. Iko 14th Panzer Division ne7 Mechanized Corps yakaita makiromita makumi mana emakiromita-kukanda uye yakatora nzvimbo dzekutanga dzekuzvidzivirira kushorwa. Yaiva yeOstrovno-Gnezdilovichi-Svetogory nzvimbo makiromita 10 kumabvazuva kweRwizi Chernogostnitsa. Rimwe re 18th Panzer Division rakambomira zvishoma. Ava masikati zuva raitevera, akaisa pfungwa dzake kumativi ose eOboljanka River. Vane Mechanized Corps Vechipiri vakatora nzvimbo muOrsha.

Musi waJuly 6, Hondo yeSenno yakapinda muchikamu chinoshanda. Mune 14th Panzer Division, mauto maviri akaumbwa (rimwe nerimwe raisanganisira boka rematangi uye nebhatalion yevafambisi vechikepe). Aya majoka akaedza kumanikidza Chernogostnitsa nekugara kumadokero mabhandi erwizi. Rimwe boka rakanyatsogadzirisa kuchengetedza bhudziro rebhurokisi pedyo neGungwa reSarro. Panguva ino, simba re 18th Panzer Division rakasvika kumabvazuva kweSenno uye ikoko yakapinda muhondo yakaoma neveJalimane. Mumadekwana muvengi akadzingwa kunze kweguta. Panzvimbo iyi yakatarisa mberi, maSoviet mauto akaendesa kunodzivirira. Uku ndiko kubudirira kwavo chete panguva yose yekushanda.

Kuvhiringidzwa kwezvirongwa

July 7 tangi hondo pedyo neSenono yakaramba ichienderera mberi. Zvose usiku hwakapfuura, masoja eSoviet akanga achigadzira mapuranga eChernogostnitsa. Mambakwedza, zvikamu zve 14th Panzer Division zvakaenderera mberi nazvo kusvika kumadokero kwebhandi rekona rwizi. Kufambira mberi kwakadengenyeka makiromita mana emugwagwa. Matangi aya akatarisana nemasimba makuru e 7th Panzer Division ye Wehrmacht. Zvikwata zveSoviet zvakarasikirwa zvikuru uye zvakadzokera kumhenderekedzo yepakutanga yekumabvazuva. Ipapo vakadzokera kuOstrovno ndokutanga kubvisa zvinhu zvavo.

Munguva iyi, maGerman kubva kuchamhembe akatanga kutsamwira paSenno, apo 18th Panzer Division yakadzivirira. The Red Army yakabva muguta negore musi wa 8 July. Panguva ino, vaMeananized Corps yechishanu vakarwa hondo yakaipisisa nematangi evavengi makiromita makumi maviri kumaodzanyemba kweSenono. Akakwanisa kuputsa chikamu chevaJalimane, asi kupesana kwakatevera kwakadzorera huno quo.

Musi waJuly 9, mapoka e14 ne18 ePanzer akadzokera kumhenderekedzo yekumavirira yeObolianka. VaJalimane kubva kune vakatapwa Senno vakatanga kufambira mberi kumugwagwa kuenda kuSmolensk. Musi wegumi, mauto akafambira mberi akapinda muOboltsy. Panguva yemasikati vaJalimane vakanga vafamba makiromita makumi mana uye vakazosvika mumugwagwa makiromita makumi matatu kumadokero kweOrsha. Masoja eSoviet 5 akafananidzwa nematambudziko akatarisana nekutyisidzira kwekukomba kwakakwana. Murairo wake wakasarudza kudzoka, izvochete zvakaitwa nevakasara vemagetsi ematangi.

Migumisiro uye zvikonzero zvekukundikana

Nokudaro, hondo yakananga pedyo neSeno yeSoviet army yakaguma pasina. Masoja haana kuita chero basa raakapiwa. Hazvaikwanisika kudarika hafu yekuenda kuLepel. Maererano neurongwa, kuputika kukuru kwakakundwa pamucheto weboka raPolotsk revaGermany, asi harina kutambura chero kurasikirwa-rakangoti harisviki. Kwevhiki isina kukwana yekurwa, anenge 70% yemidziyo yakarasika. Izvo zvakasara zvekugovana kwematangi zvakarasikirwa nekwakwanisa kwavo kurwisana uye zvakaramba zvichidzokera kumabvazuva, kusvikira dzanyangarika mumugwagwa "pedyo neSmolensk.

Chii chaiva chikonzero chekukundikana uku? Musi waJuly 17, 1914, pedyo neguta reLiozno muAvitebsk, mukuru wechitendero Yakov Dzhugashvili, mwanakomana waJoseph Stalin, akatorwa musungwa. Panguva yekubvunzurudzwa, akachema pamusoro pekutyisa kwemhepo kunorwiswa neJerman Junkers. Pfungwa imwecheteyo yaive yakadzivirirwa mumishumo yemurairo kuMoscow. Gare gare vakatamira kune Soviet historiography uye kwenguva yakareba vaifunga kuti ichokwadi chisina chokwadi. Chikonzero chikuru chakaita kuti Hondo yeSenno yakarasika yaifungidzirwa kuti ndiyo yose-inoparadza uye inowanzozivikanwa yekutenderera kweGermany, iyo yakarasa uye yakarova masoja eRed Army kubvira mangwanani kusvika usiku.

Zvisinei, muchokwadi zvinhu zvose zvakanga zvakaoma zvikuru. Kusakwanisa kwemurairo wekutungamira nekugadzirisa kukurukurirana pakati pezvikwata zvakasiyana-siyana zvakataurwa. Mukuwedzera, Red Army yakange isisina ruzivo rwekuita basa rakakura zvakadaro, apo Wehrmacht yakauya kuU.SR, iine shure kwayo kukunda kwakanyanya muEurope. Zvose izvi zvakashandura pasina maturo uye nhamba yepamusoro yevarwi veSoviet.

Mamiriro ehutungamiri wevarayiri akaodzwa mushure mekudengenyeka kwechangobva kuitwa. Vazhinji vehondo yakaziva, kusanganisira hondo yehurumende, vakadururwa kana vakanga vakagara mumisasa. Izvi hazvikwanisi kukanganisa kuti Hondo yeSenono yapera sei. Migumisiro yekukurumidza nekusarudza zvisarudzo mumutambo wekutanga wehondo yakaratidzwa mune zvakagadziriswa paWestern Front. Izvi zvakapararira kwete chete kuRepel, asiwo kumushandirapamwe wose we1941.

Kurasikirwa

Mukureva kurasikirwa, Hondo yeSenno muna 1941 yakaenzana nehuwandu hwakaenzana hwehondo iyoyo. VaGermany vakarashika vanenge vanenge 4 vakakuvadzwa ne1 vakaurayiwa (kurasikirwa zvachose kwaiva 468 vanhu). Makore anenge 50 emidziyo (matangi) akarasika. Kurasikirwa kukuru kwakaitika muhondo nematunhu mashanu akashandurwa nemaoko pedyo neSeno paJuly 7-9.

Mauto eSoviet akanga ane nhamba dzakasiyana kwazvo. Vane Mechanized Corps yechishanu uye yechinomwe vakarasikirwa nepamusoro pematangi avo ose (pamwe chete zviyero zvinopfuura 1 000, iyo inenge ka20 kanopfuura kupfuura muvengi). Kunyange nhasi, vanyori venhau dzakaitika havana kunyatsokwanisa kuziva kuti nzira iyi yakaenda sei. Mifananidzo yakawira mumishumo yemurairo weRobert Army kazhinji haina kuenderana neicho uye nokuda kweizvi haikwanise kuderedzwa kune dheji yevaGermany.

Kunyange zvakadaro, zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti apo tangi hondo muSenno 1941 yakanga yapfuura, mu 18th Panzer Division, hapana rimwe rematangi 220 rakasara, mugore rechi14 - paive nematangi 14 akasara, mumatangi mashanu e13 kubva mumatangi 393. Panguva imwe chete, zvakanga zviri nani nemotokari. Semuenzaniso, muchitanhatu chechina chaive nemotokari 34 uye mabhazi 475, pamwe chete nematokari 56.

Mishumo uye chokwadi

Kurasikirwa kwomunhu oga kweSoviet maitiro, sezvazvakaita munyaya dzeGermany, zvakazara zvakakwana nekuenzana kwekutyisa 1941 kweU.SR. Semuenzaniso, maererano nemushumo wehurumende, vanhu 193 vakaurayiwa mune imwechete 14 Panzer Division, 359 vakakuvadzwa, uye vanopfuura 3 000 vakanzi vasipo. Zvisinei, izvi zviyero zvino hazvina chokwadi. Zvinopesana nekuti mauto ehurumende musi waJuly 25 aiva nemauto mashoma 552 (zvombo), asi maererano neshoko racho, pasina kubhadharwa, vanhu vanopfuura 5 000 vaifanira kuramba vari muboka.

Iko kukanganisa kukuru pakati pezvokwadi nemishumo inogona kungotsanangurwa nechishuvo chehutungamiri hwekuumbwa kwekuvanza nekudzorera kukanganisa kwavo pamberi pevatungamiri vavo. Pakutanga kwekutanga kwehondo, nyaya dzakadaro dzaive dzakawanda. Hondo yeSenno yakanga isiri iyo. Chero zviitiko zvose, kurasikirwa kweRed Army ne Wehrmacht kwakanga kusingawaniki, uye ichi chiratidzo chinoratidza zvakajeka njodzi yekutanga kweGreat Patriotic War.