Maerekitironi - chii ichi? The zvivako uye nhoroondo kuwanikwa maerekitironi

All yakatipoteredza nyika rinoumbwa diki, imperceptible kuti ziso zvacho. Maerekitironi - ichi ndomumwe wavo. Yawanika kwakaitika nekaupenyu achangobva. Zvino akazarura kunzwisisa matsva sechivako atomu, magetsi Kupfuudzwa zvigadziriswe uye maumbirwo kwenyika yose.

How kugovera indivisible

The kunzwisisa yemazuva ano maerekitironi - ichi zvokutanga inoramba. Ivo ndihungu uye regai rwakakamukana zvivako zvidiki. Asi pfungwa yakadaro asina nguva dzose aripo. Kusvikira 1897 pamusoro maerekitironi haana pfungwa.

More nevafungi Greece yekare wafungidzira kuti chinhu chimwe nechimwe pasi chiedza, kuvaka rine muzvizhinji kuti "zvidhinha" nemaziso. Zviduku chairema panyaya vaiona atomu, uye kudavira izvi vakaramba kwemazana emakore.

Kumiririrwa atomu hwachinja chete mukupera XIX remakore. Mushure kuferefeta J. Thomson, E. Rutherford, H. Lorenz, P. Zeeman ruduku nezvimedu indivisible mabhomba nuclei uye maerekitironi zvave kuzivikanwa. Nokufamba kwenguva, zvakanga yakawanikwa protons, neutrons, uye kunyange paya - the neutrino, kaons, pions, etc ...

Zvino sainzi anoziva akawandisa zvokutanga nezvimedu, nzvimbo iyo kunokonzeresa ravanofanira uye maerekitironi.

Kuwanikwa munhu PARTICIPLE itsva

Panguva apo vakanga maerekitironi yakawanikwa iri atomu, masayendisiti refu anozivikanwa ariko magetsi uye remagineti. Asi neizvo uye zvizere zvivako izvi mananara vachiri haanzwisisiki, achitora pfungwa yefizikisi zhinji.

Pakutanga mashoko XIX remakore zvazikamwa kuti Mashoko remagetsi mwaranzi, kumhanya chiedza. Zvisinei, wokuEngland Dzhozef Tomson, kuitisa kuedza pamwe cathode mwaranzi, vakagumisa kuti ine zvakawanda tsanga duku ane gobvu idukusa enyukireya.

In April 1897 Thomson akaita nhaurwa kwaakaratidza vezvesayenzi kuti kuzvarwa PARTICIPLE itsva murwiyo kwemaatomu, yaakakudanirai corpuscle. Gare gare, Ernest Rutherford vachishandisa foil kuedza akasimbisa ndezvipi mudzidzisi wake, uye corpuscles akapiwa rimwe zita - ". Maerekitironi"

Izvi yawanikwa taikwana kukura mumuviri asiwo makemikari sayenzi kwete chete. Zvinokwanisika kuita zvinokosha mberi pakudzidza magetsi uye remagineti zvivako kwenyaya, uye chamuita kuti wefizikisi zvenyukireya.

Chii chinonzi Erekitironi?

Maerekitironi - ndiye lightest nezvimedu wemagetsi mutariri. ruzivo rwedu kwavari dzasara zvikuru dzinopesana uye kukwana. Somuenzaniso, mune pfungwa ano vanogara nokusingaperi, nekuti haana kuvhuna kusiyana neutrons uye protons (yokungotaura pokuwa rokupedzisira zera akapfuudza zera wezvose).

Maerekitironi vari yakatsiga uye tine kugara kunaka mutariri E = 1,6 x 10 ^-19 Cl. Vanopinda mhuri fermions uye leptons boka. The nezvimedu vanobatanidzwa mune simba remagetsi uye rinokweva kudyidzana. Ivo maatomu. Nezvimedu izvo vakafirwa nevanhu maatomu - vakasununguka maerekitironi.

The vakawanda maerekitironi ndiyo 9.1 x 10 ^-31 makirogiramu uye ndiyo 1836 nguva isingasviki mukanyiwa hwepurotoni. Vane hafu-chinokosha uye kuruka uye rinobva kamwe. Erekitironi runotaurwa tsamba "e ^-". The chete, asi ane ndinoiitawo chiratidzo rinoreva ayo antagonist - antiparticle positron.

State of maerekitironi ari atomu

Pazvakava pachena kuti atomu rinoumbwa zvivako zviduku, zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti kunzwisisa chaizvo vari vakaronga mairi. Saka panguva pakuguma XIX remakore yakaonekwa muenzaniso atomu wokutanga. Maererano yemapuraneti womuenzaniso, protons (chokwadi mhosva) uye neutrons (kwavakarerekera) vakaumba musimboti. A maerekitironi zvinofamba mhanya elliptical kutenderera.

zvaanonzwisisa aya kuchinja pamwe veMubatanidzwa quantum wefizikisi mukutanga XX remakore. Lui De Broglie akaisa mberi dzidziso kuti Erekitironi achiita kwete chete sechinhu PARTICIPLE, asi uyewo chinozunguzirwa. Erwin Schrödinger unoitisa chinozunguzirwa muenzaniso atomu, apo maerekitironi vanomirirwa gore nevamwe vebasa arambe achirema.

Kuti azive nzvimbo uye trajectory pakati maerekitironi kunhivi musimboti zvisingaiti. Panyaya iyi, akatanga rinokosha rokuti "orbital" kana "Erekitironi gore", inova nzvimbo chezvinhu fungidzira nzvimbo akati inoramba.

simba mumatunhu

The Erekitironi gore akapoteredza munhu atomu sezvinoita zvikuru uye protons paro. Vose vari zvakasiyana akareba. Pedyo chinoumba vari akaronga maerekitironi pamwe mudukusa huwandu simba. The zvakawanda simba iri inoramba, havazombonyanyi vave.

Asi havana vakaronga pavaidira, uye tora zvakananga mumatunhu, izvo anobvumawo chete imwe nhamba inoramba. Mumwe pamwero ane yayo simba rakawanda uye rakakamurwa Sub-zvese, uye avo, uyewo, pamusoro orbitals.

Kutsanangura unhu uye nzvimbo yacho maerekitironi panguva simba yomuropa, zvina quantum nhamba :

• N - huru integer kunyatsovatsanangurira Erekitironi simba kuchengeterwa (unoenderana nhamba kwemakemikari chinhu nguva);
• k - orbital nhamba, iyo inorondedzera Maumbirwe Erekitironi gore (s - idenderedzwa, p - chimiro sere, D - chimiro apila kana miviri eights, f - kunzwisisa geometric chimiro);
• M - Nhamba rinobva zvaraireva gore zvevhiki ari remagineti;
• MS - the kuruka nhamba, iyo inechirevo maerekitironi pairi ichitenderera ayo akabatana.

mhedziso

Saka, maerekitironi - mudanga, isakarurama mhosva inoramba. Vane dzinokosha uye haagoni nekuwora kupinda dzimwe zvinhu. Vari kunzi inokosha nezvimedu, kureva, avo vari rutivi maumbirwo yacho.

Maerekitironi kufamba akapoteredza nuclei uye anoumba dzavo Erekitironi deko. Ivo zvazvinoita makemikari, Manyiminya, zvemaziso uye rinobva zvivako-siyana zvinhu. nezvimedu izvi zvinobatanidzwa munyaya remagetsi uye rinokweva kudyidzana. achitaura neboka ravo pave magetsi uye remagineti.