Kwenguva yekutanga chirwere chetsitsi chakaonekwa mumhuka ipi?

Nzira yeutye muhupenyu huripo inomiririrwa nehutano hwekukurukurirana inovimbisa kushamwaridzana kwayo nenyika yakapoteredza nemitemo yayo. Chinhu chayo chinokosha nderonon-cell pamwe nemitambo (axons uye dendrites), kutumira mashoko nemagetsi nemakemikari zvinoreva.

Nervous mutemo

Kwenguva yokutanga urongwa hwehutano hunowanikwa mune zvipenyu kana zvichidiwa kuti zvibudirirane zvakanakisisa nemhepo. Kuburikidza kwekombiki nyore nyore kwekufambisa kwepfungwa kwakabatsira kwete kungoona zviratidzo kubva kunze. Kuvonga kwacho, zvakava nyore kugadzirisa matanho avo anokosha ekuti basa ribudirire.

Munguva yekushanduka-shanduka sangano remagetsi rakava rakaoma zvikuru: basa rayo harisi kungoita kugadzirisa kwekuita kwakakwana kune zvinowanikwa kunze, asiwo sangano rehupenyu hwake. Pavlov akadana nzira iyi yekushanda basa rakakura rekutya.

Kuwirirana nemamiriro ezvinhu eunicellular

Kwenguva yokutanga urongwa hwehutsva hwakaonekwa mune zvisikwa zvine mazana esero rimwechete, sezvo rinotumira zviratidzo pakati peeurons kuumba ruwaya. Asi kunyange pane zvakajeka, munhu anokwanisa kuona kukwanisa kubvuma kune izvo zviri kunze zvinopiwa nemaitiro epracellular.

Nenzira yeutye yemasero e-multicellular yakasiyana nehutano kubva pane zvakafanana pakugadzirwa kweprotozoa. Izvo zvose zvisungo zvezvisungo zvinowanikwa mukati memiganhu ye metabolism yesero rimwe. Pamitambo yakasiyana-siyana inowanikwa kunze kana mukati, infusoria "inoziva" nekuda kwekuchinja kwehutano hweprotoplasm uye basa reimwe zvimwe zvivako. Zvisikwa zvipenyu zveM Multicellular zvine urongwa hwakavakwa huri hutano hunoshandiswa, humwe humwe hwahwo hwakagadzirirwa zvirongwa zvayo zvemagetsi.

Nokudaro, kwekutanga kokutanga urongwa hwemagetsi hunoratidzika, ndiani asina imwe, asi masero akawanda, izvo zvinoreva, miviri yakawanda. Chiratidziro icho chimiro chemafungiro muprotozoa. Nhamba yavo yekuita basa rinokosha inoratidza kukura kwezvivako zveprotoplasmic izvo zvinotungamira pfungwa. Saizvozvowo, muzvinhu zvakarongeka zvakarongeka zvisikwa, basa iri rinoshandiswa nemasero emagetsi akasiyana .

Zviratidzo zvegadziriro yekutya ye coelenterates

Multicellular mhuka dzinogara mumakoloni hazvibatsiri mabasa, uye havasati vava neural network. Izvo zvinoitika panhandare apo mabasa akasiyana-siyana muhupenyu huzhinji hunosiyanisa.

Kwenguva yokutanga urongwa hwemagetsi hunowanikwa mu hydra uye dzimwe coelenterates. Iro network iyo inoita zviratidzo zvisingabatsiri. Chimiro chisati chave chakaumbwa, chinoparadzirwa zvakasiyana-siyana mukati memuviri wose we coelenterate. Masero eGigoni nemiti yavo yeNislev haisi yakakwana. Iyi ndiyo mhando yakajeka yenheyo yenheyo.

Rudzi rwemhuka rwemhuka runotarirwa nehutachiona hwehutano hwemhuka. Hydra inofambisa kufamba kwese, sezvo isina zvikamu zvemuviri zvakakosha zvekufambisa uye zvimwe kufamba. Nokuda kwemotokari, inoda hukama hunopfuurirana pakati pezvibvumirano, uye zvinoda kuti vazhinji vekutungamirira masero vave munzvimbo yechibvumirano. Ndeupi wezvipfuwo kwekutanga kokutanga hurongwa hwemagetsi hunoratidzika semusangano unopararira? Avo avo ndivo vateereri vehurongwa hwehutongi hwevanhu. Uchapupu hweizvi ndechekuti kune kugadzirisa mukati mekuvandudzwa kwemukati wemhuka.

Zvikamu zvehurongwa hwekutya hwe helminths

Kuvandudzwa kunotevera kwehutano hwemagetsi kwaibatanidza nekukudziridza kwekuenzanisa kwepakati pepakati panzvimbo yekutsvaira uye kuumbwa kwemasumbu e-neuronal kumativi akasiyana emuviri.

Mune maitiro emakanda kwekutanga kokutanga urongwa hwemitsi hunowanikwa mu 1 ndege dzenyeredzi. Panguva ino, inomiririrwa nepamusoro-kati yemitsipa yemaziso uye fiber yakaumbwa kubva kwavari. Mukuenzanisa ne coelenterates, sangano rakadaro rakaoma zvikuru. Mu helminths, mapoka emasero emagunha ari mumhando ye nodes uye ganglia anowanikwa. Muenzaniso weuropi i ganglion mune chikamu chepamuviri chemuviri unoita mabasa ekugadzirisa. Inonzi inonzi brainlion. Kubva pairi pamwe chete nemuviri wose unoenda matori maviri emagetsi, akabatanidzwa ne jumpers.

Zvose zvikamu zvehurongwa hazvive kunze, asi zvinomiririrwa mu parenchyma uye saka zvinodzivirirwa pakusakuvara. Kwenguva yokutanga urongwa hwemitsipa hunoonekwa mumhonye yakazara, pamwe nemanzwisisiro akajeka: kubata, chiratidzo uye pfungwa yekuenzanisa.

Zviratidzo zvegadziriro yekutya ye nematodes

Chikamu chinotevera chekufambira mberi ndechokuumbwa kwechindori chine pedo ne pharynx uye yakawanda yakareba fiber ichibva pairi. Nehukama hwakadaro, hurongwa hwemitsipa hunotanga kuonekwa mumakumbo emakumbo. Iro ring ring is a single circular ganglion uye inoshanda sechikamu chekutanga chekuona. Nayo inobatanidza tambo yechando uye dorsal nerve.

Nhutu dzomukati mu nematodes dzinowanikwa mu intraepithelial, ndiko kuti, mu hypodermal ridges. Mune basa remuviri wechiratidzo ndeSensilla - setae, papillae, nhengo dzekuwedzera, amphidi uye phasmids. Vose vavo vane hutano hwakasanganiswa.

Nhengo dzakaoma kwazvo dzekunzwisisa yematodes zvikafu. Izvo zvakaparadzana, zvinogona kuva zvakasiyana uye zvakatarisana. Basa ravo guru nderokuziva makemikari anoshandiswa ari kure nemuviri. Chimwe chezvikwata zvinokwidzikawo zvine mapepa anoona mukati nekunze maitiro anowanikwa. Zvinonzi metaneomes.

Zviratidzo zvehutachiona hwemhete

Kuumbwa kwe ganglion mumutambo wekutya kunowedzera muhonye. Muchizhinji chavo chikwata chemuviri chemuviri chinoitika nenzira iyo chikamu chimwe nechimwe chehonye chine mapepa emagetsi anobatanidzwa nefibisi kusvika kune zvikamu zvakatarisana. Ringworms dzine mimba neural chain, yakagadzirwa nechechi yegorioni uye shandi mbiri dzinobva mairi. Vanotenderera ndege. Zvinhu zvinonzwisisa zvinowanikwa mberi uye zvinomiririrwa nemaziso akareruka, masero anoyevedza, masero maciliated uye nzvimbo. Ne node mairi, mapurogiramu emagetsi anotanga kuonekwa muhonye, asi gare gare inowedzera mune arthropods. Ivo vane kuwedzera kwe ganglia mumusoro uye kusanganiswa kwemashoko mumuviri.

Zvikamu zvehutano hwakasiyana-siyana muhutano hwevanhu hwekutya

Icho chirevo chekushanduka-shanduka kwehutano hwemitsipa ndechekuonekwa kweuropi nemutsipa wesipinha mumunhu. Zvisinei, kunyange nezvivakwa zvakaoma zvakadaro, sangano rekutanga rinopararira rinoramba riripo. Iyi kanda inobatanidza masero ose emuviri: ganda, mitsipa yeropa, nezvimwewo. Asi nemafungiro akadaro, kwekutanga kokutanga urongwa hwemitsipa hunoratidzika, uyo asina kunyange mukana wekusiyanisa zvakasikwa zvakatipoteredza.

Kutenda kune idzi "zvigadziriswa" zvivako zvemuumbi, munhu wacho ane mukana wekunzwa zvakasiyana-siyana kunyange pamakamuri mashoma. Mutumbi unogona kutarisana nechitarisiko chemudiki mutsva wekune dzimwe nyika kuburikidza nekuvandudza maitiro ekuchengetedza. Kuvapo kwenzvimbo yakasiyana-siyana muhutano hwevanhu hunosimbiswa nemaitiro ekutsvakurudza ma laboratory anotsvaga kuiswa kwechinhu chevara.

Iro mutsara wekuvandudza kwenheyo yenheyo munguva yekushanduka-shanduka

Kushanduka kwezvinhu zvehurongwa hwemitsipa hwakaramba huri mumatanho matatu:

• Diffuse network;
• Gangilia;
• Mutsara wesimbi uye uropi.

Chimiro nekushanda kweCSS zvakasiyana zvikuru nemhando dzakapfuura. Mukunzwira tsitsi kwayo dhipatimendi, ganglionic uye reticular zvinhu zvinomiririrwa. Pakukura kwayo, chirwere chetsitsi chakawedzera uye chakaparadzana. Chikwata chechirimbuzi chekugadzirwa kubva kune reticular chakanga chakasiyana nekuvapo kweyeuroni kuchiri pamusoro pemutambo wekutengesa.

Mhuka ipi zvayo inorarama inongova monolith ine nhengo dzakasiyana-siyana uye maitiro avo anoramba achienderera mberi uye achienderera mberi pamwe chete uye nemamiriro ekunze. Kwenguva yokutanga urongwa hwemitsipa hwakabuda mu-coelenterates, hwakanga huri ruvara rwakawandisa, rupiro rwekutanga.