Kupatsanura pakati makabhohaidhiretsi, ukoshi uye Vhuṱanzi pamusoro pavo.

Makabhohaidhiretsi - Organic yeimwe mu murwiyo izvo Runowanzosanganisira zvitatu zvine maatomu akafanana: Carbon, hydrogen Kwezvokudya Nemiti. Vakawanda makabhohaidhiretsi kuwedzera zvinhu izvi dzine phosphorus, Sarufa, uye Nitrogen. biopolymers aya rinoparadzirwa zvakasikwa. Biosynthesis kuti makabhohaidhiretsi mune miti rinoitwa somugumisiro photosynthesis. Makabhohaidhiretsi vanoumba anenge 80-90% of chakaoma uremu zvinomera.

Muvanhu, wevasungwa kuti carbohydrate kwakavakirwa yakaoma nyaya inenge 2% muzana. Makabhohaidhiretsi ndivo chikuru tsime namakemikari simba kune muviri. Kukamurwa makabhohaidhiretsi ndicho chatinonyanya kukosha kuti nokushanda kwenhengo imwe nhengo. Somuenzaniso, vamwe masangano zvavanotarisira kunonyanya kukonzerwa kukamurwa shuga: uropi - ne 80%, asi moyo - pa 70 - 75%. Makabhohaidhiretsi vari yakaiswa munyama iri muviri sezvo yokutsiva inotonhorera (glycogen). Vamwe vavo vanoita rutsigiro mabasa (hyaluronic acid), zvinobatanidzwa munyaya unodzivirira kushanda, kunonotsa kukura tupukanana (madzihwa) ndiyo makemikari hwaro kuvaka biopolymer mamorekuru, zvinoumba simba yeimwe, etc.

Kupatsanura pakati makabhohaidhiretsi.

makabhohaidhiretsi All vanokamurwa muzvikwata zviviri: monosaccharides (nyore makabhohaidhiretsi , kana monosaccharides), polysaccharides (makabhohaidhiretsi yakaoma kana polyose), izvo ine zvishoma residues monosaccharide mamorekuru zvakabatana pamwechete.

Kupatsanura pakati makabhohaidhiretsi: monosaccharides.

The monosaccharides ine boka aldehyde dzinonzi aldoses, uye avo kuti ane ketone boka, - ketosis. By mano makabhohaidhiretsi vari aldehyde uye keto alcohols vane kabhoni nhamba kwete asingasviki matatu. Maererano nenhamba kabhoni maatomu Monosaccharides vari rakakamurwa trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, etc.

Triose. Huri munyama uye muviri zvinwiwa muchimiro esters kuti orthophosphoric asidhi sezvo zvenguva zvibereko carbohydrate muviri panguva glycolysis siyana uye chinovira. Tetroses. Chikurukuru, ari erythrose, huri micheka muchimiro orthophosphoric iine acid Ester - chigadzirwa pentose gwara carbohydrate oxidation. Pentose. Vazhinji pentose achiumbwa zvomudumbu yevanhu turakiti somugumisiro hydrolysis pakati pentosans michero nemiriwo. Part pentoses akaumba panguva nhume muviri, kunyanya mune pentose gwara. In munyama pentoses vari vakasununguka ezvinhu ari muchimiro ortofosfatnoi asidhi esters dziri simba-vapfumi yeimwe (ATP), nucleic acids, coenzymes (NADH, kwechokwadi) uye dzimwe biosoedineny inokosha. Zvikurukuru chaikoshawo ndivo pentose arabinose, ribose, deoxyribose, xylulose. Hexoses. Ivo kuitika mune vakasununguka mamiriro ari Zvinoumba polysaccharides nezvimwe yeimwe. Chinonyanya kukosha dzinomiririra mukirasi iyi makabhohaidhiretsi vari shuga, fructose, galactose, Munoz.

Kupatsanura pakati makabhohaidhiretsi: disaccharides.

Disaccharides - ndivo makabhohaidhiretsi, ivo mamorekuru izvo pamusoro hydrolysis rwakakamukana mamorekuru maviri hexoses. For disaccharides zvinosanganisira maltose, sucrose, trehalose, lactose.

Kana zita disaccharides inowanzoshandiswa mazita kare vari kuumbwa (lactose, maltose, sucrose), vanenge - uye musoro IUPAC Nomenclature.

Disaccharides - rakasimba crystalline fuma, tsime soluble nemvura optically kushingaira, chinonhuhwira kuravira, inokwanisa kusvika asidhi kana enzymatic hydrolysis, anogona kuumba esters.

Kupatsanura pakati makabhohaidhiretsi: gomopolisaharidy uye heteropolysaccharides. The sezvamunoita zvinosanganisira wandei gomopolisaharidov mumwe monosaccharide residues: shuga, Munoz, fructose, xylose, etc. Vane kupembedza (wandisa) zvinovaka muviri kuti muviri (glycogen, inulin, starch). Molecules heteropolysaccharides ine vakawanda monosaccharides siyana.