Kunyora, achinyora zvokukura budiriro

Kunyora - Izvi zvinoitawo kwegadziriro zviratidzo vanhu vakashandisa kugadzirisa inzwi kutaura. Tsamba kunoshanda yakazvimirira kukurukurirana hurongwa ane vanoverengeka chaiwo mabasa. Zvinopa mukana wokugamuchira uye nezvairehwa ruzivo uye ruzivo chokuzviona nezvizvarwa, kuwedzera kukura kwebasa kukurukurirana kwevanhu. Kuverenga mabhuku, wose anowana mukana kubata nhoroondo yevanhu, kunzwisisa tsika nemagariro ayo, kwokunze zvakatipoteredza uye yomukati nyika. Kuti kuona kukosha achinyora nhasi hazvibviri. Nemhaka yake, munhu anodzidza kwete chete yakawanda itsva, pakutanga kwezvose, anoziva pachake.

The chikuru zviri mutauro akanyorwa iri chokwadi kuti, kusiyana nemumuromo, izvozvo zvakunowedzera kwete nguva asi kunofambira mberi nzvimbo. The tsamba zvinoita kuti tikwanise kufunga munyori kwayo, kudzokera kare zvakanyorwa, kushandura mashoko, kuvakazve vaitaura kubvisa kana kutsiviwa ndima yose, kujekesa, tsvaka rubatsiro maduramazwi uye phrasebooks.

Nhoroondo kunyora ane zviuru zvemakore zvakawanda, panguva iyo nguva yachinja zvishoma nezvishoma, kutanga, wana zvitsva siyana. The chidzoke chetsamba kwakabatana yacho Sumerian budiriro, Kurarama nemashanu zviuru akapfuura nzvimbo pakati penzizi rwaYufratesi uye Tigirisi. Zviri munzvimbo idzi, vanochera matongo vanowana Zvivako zvekare kunyora - evhu mifananidzo yakasiyana. Zvakawanikwa izvi zvinoratidza kuti mutauro wakanyorwa yakatanga makore 3,500 BC

Masayendisiti akawanda nguva yedu kuedza decipher zvekare, vachifunga kuti vanogona kupa ruzivo pamusoro upenyu uye tsika yebudiriro ane nhengo vari munyori wavo, asi ruzivo pamusoro nechitarisiko revanhu rose kwete chete.

Rekare siyana kunyora zvinoreva pictography, kana mufananidzo kunyora. Sezvo chikazozikamwa, pakutanga vanodhirowa vaiva zvikuru muna upenyu ekare vanhu uye akaratidza chete panguva mashiripiti tsika. Vakabva vatanga kuzvishandisa kuti kutara uye kupararira ruzivo. Rizivikanwe Egyptian kunyora yekare rinoreva logographic kunyora hurongwa ( "Logos" - shoko), nguva yacho kupi runoonekwa kusvika 2-3 mireniyumu BC

In ake akanyorwa pakutaura inotungamirwa nayo aenda mumatanho dzakawanda: kubva mubako mifananidzo uye mahwendefa evhu kuti mutauro ano, wayo kunzwisisa hurongwa vaitaura, inodzora chomutsara, etc. Classifying nayo zvikuru siyana. Saka, maererano nomumwe wavo, vanhu une zvinotevera mhando kunyora mhando:

• frazografiya - mukuru mhando kunyora unoendesa mashoko kushandisa chaiwo kutaurwa uye anotsanangura zviratidzo pasina kupatsanura kuva nomumwe mashoko uye zvirevo;
• logograph - tsamba, achitumira mashoko achishandisa zviratidzo yokumiririra munhu mashoko;
• morfemografiya - kunyora, kupfuura shoko uchishandisa morfemogramm - chaiwo kwakajeka vatambi;
• sillabografiya - syllabary, runyoro chokuita weboka mashoko kupinda yoga mabhii;
• phonography - hwakajeka tsamba ruzha (kwete kuti kuvhiringidzwa vanachiremba rinoreva kunyoresa mwoyo ino- tsutsumwa).

Maererano neimwe kupatsanura, runyoro kwakaitika vakagadzirira huchiri akadai pre-zvichinzi, tichibatanidza pictographs, chinyakare ideography uye, chaizvoizvo, tsamba, sezvo isu Maiona, kana giramufomu. Giramufomu zvinosanganisira zvinotevera mhando kunyora: Shoko-syllabic, syllabic uye earufabheti.

Masayendisiti vari Parizvino mitauro vakawanda 5000. At 1/3 wavo une mutauro pachake rakanyorwa uye mabhuku. Rakajairika ano Manyorero Latin (rinoshandiswa vanenge 40% yevanhu nyika). A kota vanhu vose Panyika zvinoshandiswa ake kunyora Chinese vatambi. Cyrillic kuratidzirwa 18% yenyika nzvimbo (kusanganisira Russia). dzakasiyana siyana Indian kunyora anogona kuwanikwa India, Nepal, Thailand uye Laos. Ethnic kunyora ushoma apararira kunyanya mumatunhu ose China uye zvikamu kuMongolia.