Accident zvabudiswa ose radioactive zvinhu kupinda zvakatipoteredza

Nokuti basa renguva dzose dzevanhu kunoda simba. Anoomesa nezvokudya uye panguva kufema. Kana kutaura kwebudiriro seboka, zvinokosha simba kugadzirwa zvinangwa. It anogadzirwa simba guru zvirimwa. Various mabhuku anoshandiswa simba kugadzirwa. Vazhinji vavo kuumba dambudziko pose kwete chete nokuda zvakatipoteredza seboka, asiwo utano vepasi zvikurukuru.

The Mhando simba zvinomera uye migumisiro basa ravo

Kupatsanura izvi simba gadziriro rinoitwa zvichienderana matsime vanoshandisa. Saka, pane chafariz simba miti. Vanoshanda pamusoro Tourism (negasi, marasha, mafuta). Ari kugadzirwa muitiro simba combustion zvigadzirwa vari kuumbwa izvo kwakakanganisa pave mamiriro, kusvibisa nayo. By hydropower miriwo, mvura inoshandiswa. basa ravo asingachengeti kukanganisa mhepo. Asi madhamu akavaka kupa navo pakugadzira zvinhu, pindana dzemvura, kuita kwakakanganisa pamusoro fauna of uye nemiti yacho. Wind simba miti vanoshandisa mhepo Rwako. Asi naivowo, vaigona kuva dambudziko. Somuenzaniso, mhepo turbine anogona kuwira, kukonzera kukuvara akapoteredza zvivako.

Accident kusunungura ngozi zvinhu

Greater kutyisidzirwa iri wakabvunzwa maindasitiri zvivako kushandisa basa ravo makemikari. Migumisiro tsaona pazviteshi zvakadaro yose zvakasikwa. History rakazara Muzviitiko zvakadaro. Tsaona vane kwemakemikari choutsi vangangokukuvadza kwevanhu, kasvisto uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka. inventories makuru ngozi yeimwe vari painocheneserwa mafuta, kudzivirira, pulp nebepa indasitiri. Tsaona zvinogona kuitika makemikari choutsi panguva simbi miti, zvokutengeserana zvigadziko, nyama uye dairies. A yakawanda inokuvadza yeimwe aripo zvicherwa fetiraiza kugadzirwa Enterprises. In Zvigayo izvi atadze kushanda zvakanaka kunogona kuitika chete kusunungurwa amoniya tsaona. remubatanidzwa ichi chinobata kufema womunhu turakiti. The tsaona chete kusunungurwa amoniya anogona kukonzera rufu vanhu munjodzi wongoramba. Kazhinji, yeimwe mu maindasitiri zvivako vari gaseous kana mvura chimiro. Yechipiri rinoshandiswa kakawanda.

In kugadzira muitiro, panguva kuchengetwa, zvifambiso compressed kazhinji gaseous yeimwe uye inoiswa imvura mamiriro. Izvi zvinogona kuderedza inzwi ravo. Zvisinei, ngozi iyi hazvirevi kudukupiswa. A rinokosha kutyisidzira vanhu uye nharaunda vari tsaona chete kusunungurwa utachiona. Vanogona kuitika pamusoro zvivako kunobatanidzwa mushonga kugadzirwa, muna dzokuchengetera, mumarabhoritari. Kana yokusunungurwa kupinda hwaiitwa utachiona zvinoitika utachiona, izvo zvinozoita zvinoreva hombe kuitika vanhu.

kupatsanura

Accident kusunungura zvine chepfu dzinoiswa maererano neshekeri. Saka, govera pose, dzakapoteredzana, omunharaunda uye chinhu. mhando dzose tsaona chete kusunungurwa chepfu yakaipisisa dzinoratidzwa kubudikidza paumbwe runoenzanirana lesion nzvimbo. Rezasi wevasungwa pakati yeimwe iri zvebhizimisi, duku vachava nemigumisiro. Zvisinei, chero nyaya petsaona kwokusunungura makemikari vane inokanganisa vanhu muzvirongwa maindasitiri kunzwisisa.

pakabudiswa nemwaranzi tsaona

Mienzaniso tsaona kwakadaro zvakakwana tichizikamwa. In Russia uye munyika guru wavo kuputika panguva paChernobyl simba renyukireya chirimwa. Zvino muna 1986, musi 26 April. Pazuva iroro, nemiedzo rwaiitwa mumwe vakachengeteka hurongwa. Munguva basa, paiva Kuputika maviri. Somugumisiro, injini mukamuri uye mugove reactor chikwata zvakaparadzwa. On April 26 May 10 - Nguva yokupedzisira chemabhazi akaparadza reactor - mumhepo akanga 190 matani mwaranzi inopisa. Mukuru kwaitwa kuUkraine, Belarus uye vokumadokero Russia. Migumisiro tsaona ichi kwokusunungura radioactive zvinhu sei 20 inotaura.

Muna 1975, musi November 30, yakasvika pakuzivikanwa pamusoro tsaona pakabudiswa Kunoichi pa Leningrad NPP. Mhaka tsaona yakanga kunyunguduka mafuta tsvimbo ari mafuta makwara. Somugumisiro, zvakanzi zvishoma aparadza yokutanga vanoshingaira mapazi ari reactor chikwata. The chadenga akakandwa vanenge mamiriyoni 1,5 curies ose radioactivity. Panguva iyoyowo kuvagari akapoteredza nzvimbo ngozi utano hwavo havana anyevera.

Chiitiko petsaona pamwe radioactive choutsi uye kunze. Saka, muna 1952, December 12, paiva yenyika tsaona iyi mhando rokutanga. Somugumisiro chikanganiso zvevafundisi chakaitika overheating uye haasaruri kunyunguduka reactor core. Kuoma Vhoriyamu yeimwe yaiva mumhepo. Uyezve, murayiro 3800 mamita ³ mvura yakasviba wakadururwa kupinda kudzika mugoronga chokuparadza p. Ottawa. Muna 1966, tsaona pane yenyukireya ES "Enrico Fermi" muUnited States. The chiitiko chakaitika nokuda rushoma kunyunguduka core. Vashandi akaisa nguva yavo kumisa reactor. Muna 1969, muFrance zvenyukireya ES "St. Laurent" ari opareta akaita chikanganiso. Somugumisiro, mukati reactor goko angosimuka sezvakarayirwa 50 makirogiramu ari yakanyungudutswa mafuta. yakawanda mwaranzi inopisa akasunungurwa kuti mhepo. nokushanda reactor dzakapfigwa pasi kwegore.

zvinhu pfungwa

Radiation zvinhu ngozi vakaziva yakaoma, iyo chinogadzirwa, inochengetwa, zvifambiswe kana akashandisa imwe mari radioactive zvinhu. At kuparadza kwayo kana zvimwe njodzi waro irradiation kunogona kuitika mukati vanhu, nemhuka, mhepo yakapoteredza uye zvimwe zvakasikwa. Accident kusunungura nemwaranzi - idambudziko, rwaibva kutyora mitemo vakachengeteka kushanda zvivako dzakaoma. Munguva mamiriro zvashata haazotaurwizve kuora zvinhu kana ionizing nemwaranzi nokuda wainyatsotaura miganho zvakawandisa hwakagadzwa dzemunharaunda. Kana tsaona kusunungura radioactive zvinhu zvinofanira Shutdown simba yakaoma, midziyo, mano ane anokuvadza okunze.

chinhu mhando

Accident kusunungura radioactive zvinhu kunogona kuitika:

• Nuclear simba miti (NPP, NCP).
• Zvinhu nesimba yenyukireya (shipboard, hondo-kwavatumwa, nzvimbo).
• Of renyukireya mafuta kutenderera uye uranium exchange radiochemical indasitiri. Izvi zvinhu kusanganisirawo kuvigwa nzvimbo uye marara.
• Dzokuchengetera zvenyukireya warheads.

Kushanda mafuta

Panguva pakugadzirira uranium exchange yakasviba vakawana (upfu). tableted Its ipapo akagadzira huni zvinhu uye nemagungano. Zvadaro, vakashandisa reactor. The apedza mafuta anogona kutumwa kuti inoraswa. Mune dzimwe zvivako, tsvina Kuzvigadzira Patsva uye buritsa anodiwa zvinoriumba. Vangave aoma (re) rakashandiswa. mafuta kugadzira rinoitwa panguva unyanzvi zvirimwa. Kuvigwa rinoitwa munguva inokosha kongiri matangi ari hazvizivi kana dzinongozviitikira in.

AS

Nuclear simba zvirimwa vari zvivako umo kutendeuka renyukireya kupinda chafariz simba uye magetsi simba. Kupisa riri kusunungurwa reactor inoshandiswa kugadzira chiutsi, kunoitika nokuda kutenderera turbogenerator, uye kukwana kudziyisa mvura mvura. AU dzine chiutsi turbines, kuti hurongwa kwakaita kupisa goho uye simba yaisvitsa migero, waNeri. Nhasi, marudzi maviri reactors yaishandiswa Russia. In wokutanga - vodovodyanyh - Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu sezvo Sachigaro uye coolant mvura. In huru reactor vamapoka Inzira simba rinoshandiswa anowedzera graphite. It anoita somunhu Sachigaro pamusoro Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu. Tsaona vane radioactive choutsi kunogona kuitika nokuda:

• Kutyorwa kodzero dzevashandi kuisa zvigadzirwa, zvikanganiso zvavo kudzidziswa.
• Low zvinoda uye kushaya hanya pamusoro chikamu wamasangano, shumiro, masangano, mabhizimisi uye zvimwe zviri pamutemo masangano uye machinda avo vane basa kuunza zvaidiwa uye kuchengeteka vari zvivako zviri mubishi zvakagadzirwa, kuvakwa kwaizotevera oparesheni.

chikepe zvivako

Izvi zvinhu zvenyukireya zvivako takashongedzerwa nechiedza-mvura reactors uye mvura simbi mhando. dzinokosha kusiyana kwavo kubva mutauri zviumbu umbwa mu:

• Kushandiswa zvikuru zvakapfumisa uranium exchange sezvo mafuta.
• The duku saizi.
• High pamwero wokudzivirira.

Zvikonzero iyo tsaona zvingaitika choutsi pakati radioactive zvinhu dzimwe nzvimbo idzi depressurization yokutanga reactor loop uye kupinda mvura pasi kudzivirira.

EAEC uye nzvimbo NPS

On nemauto yenyukireya anoshandisa nitrin. Hazvina zvinobata moto uye mishonga nenhumbi ngozi. The zvinokonzera tsaona dziri EAEC anogona kuva depressurized vokutanga reactor redunhu uye zvokuimba kukuvara. Space simba renyukireya chirimwa riri mupfupi. miganhu Small vari kubudirira nokushandisa zvikuru mafuta ine plutonium-238 uye strontium-90 muna dzakakwirira yevasungwa. Zvikonzero iyo tsaona zvingaitika chete akabuda radioactive zvinhu izvi zvinhu zviri zvemamiriro ezvinhu uye kuti kunze komutemo mbudo projected kugona kana akadonha kana bumped.

warheads

Putika mano uye zvombo zvenyukireya zvinochengeterwa mudura yorunyararo mu unyanzvi muzvitoro. Varipo vachingotya akagadzirira issuance uye kushandiswa. Vamwe vavo vari kushandiswa chenjedzo. Kakawanda tsaona kuitika kudhumhana ine chokufambisa zvenyukireya warheads, moto gungano muchitoro, yokuchengetera zvinhu, kunzwisisa, uye pasi pokudzora mheni.

Enterprises NFC

Musi zvivako zviri renyukireya mafuta kutenderera, sezvinoita mutemo, tsaona kuitika marudzi anotevera:

• Kuzvimba radioactive zvinhu uye huni zvinhu.
• Zvakawandisa kwevari yakaoma guru fissile yeimwe.
• Idonhe nokuparurwa ari okuchengetera matangi.
• Accident kubva chokupedzisira chigadzirwa.

Enterprises renyukireya mafuta kutenderera oparesheni rinoitwa kuti dzokubudisa kuti uranium exchange esimbi, ayo vapfume. In zvivako izvi dziri kuitwa kunze huni sero Neri kubudiswa mwaranzi, uyewo avo okuchengetera uye chokupedzisira kwetsvina. mabhizimisi All vanokamurwa muzvikamu zvitatu:

• Radiochemical zvirimwa.
• Zvivako zviri uranium exchange indasitiri.
• Yakawanda radioactive zvinhu.

For zvivako zviri uranium exchange maindasitiri zvinosanganisira zvinhu umo mhangura dzokubudisa paShiro kana nzira yakazaruka, uyewo yaro tevera kugadzira. chikamu ichi zvinosanganisira zvebhizimisi uchishandisa rokutsvaira mashoko anokosha zvigayo aro vapfume uchishandisa gasi diffusion.

Zviito kana nerechiratidzo chokunyevera

Kana petsaona pamwe radioactive choutsi pasina mirayiridzo mushoko anofanira vazvidzivirire chokupfeka. Kuti izvi zviitike, nokukurumidza sezvinobvira kushandisa mureza-nyaya midziyo (zvifukidziro, haende), uye avo asipo - wekumeso, bhandeji, sikavha uye zvichingodaro. Zvakakodzera zvisimbis pedyo kuvaka kana kwako mufurati. Rokunze zvipfeko neshangu zvinofanira kuiswa firimu kana hombodo, kuvhara mahwindo uye madhoo, uye vent. Iva nechokwadi kuti batidza TV, redhiyo uye vachimirira okutambirwa mamwe chiito mashoko. The kamuri inofanira kuva kure nemahwindo. The fanira matanho anotorwa chisimbiso nemafurati. Nokuti ichi kugadzirwa nzira dziri chisimbiso ose makatsemuka. Outdoor zvigadzirwa zvinofanira kuiswa muhomwe kana firimu, akaisa mukati firiji kana kabati mikova. The mufurati inofanira wemvura. fuma yaro mumidziyo pamwe zvakasimba sikuruu nguwani. Pamusoro okutambirwa nhau kunenge zvakafanira kudzivirira zvinodhaka ayodhini (potassium iodide, somuenzaniso). Kana kwete, zvinoita kushandisa 5% chemhinduro (3-5 anosiya pa Rine mamiririta 250 kuti vakuru uye 2.1 kusvika 100 ml vana). Mushure memaawa 6-7 kugamuchirwa zvinofanira kudzokororwa. Zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti kugadzirira ayodhini havasi varumbidzwa kuvakadzi vane mimba. zvinogadzirwa zvose kuti kutsungirira mvura, munguva kudya, uye panguva kugadzirira anofanira kusuka.

kubvisa

Kana iwe kugamuchira shoko, Unofanira kuunganidzira zvose zvakafanira. It rinotaura, mishonga, mari, zvokudya, unodzivirira zvokushandisa, kusanganisira kugadzirwa. Weight uye kukura Backpacks uye zvikwama kunge zvakadaro kuti kuroorwa aigona muvatakure nyore. In kugadzirira kubvisa anofanira kuteerera mashoko. Kunenge achapiwa kwavari pamusoro apo sei uye kushandisa unodzivirira michina. Kana okutambirwa ane kubvisa chiratidzo asati ndabva mufurati anofanira kubviswa mufiriji zvigadzirwa, rinoparara zvinhu kutakura kudzima zvamazuva ose (gasi, yemagetsi). Unofanira kugadzira ndiro, apo achanyorwa "iri ba. ___ nhamba varimi havana." Vachibuda mumba, akusungirire pamusoro pamukova. Kuva mumugwagwa, zvakakodzera kudzivirira kufema maitiro uye ganda. Tinofanira kufamba chinyararire, pasina kumutsa guruva. Regai tiise mabhegi uye Backpacks pasi, zvinokwanisika kushandisa pepa kana mupurasitiki. Asina kugara pasi uye hazvina zvakakodzera kuti kubata zvinhu, regai kufamba kuburikidza pamakwenzi uye uswa. Munguva kufamba yakasviba nzvimbo chinorambidzwa kusvuta, kudya uye kunwa.

Accommodation pamusoro utachiona nzvimbo

Mushure kubvisa kudzokera kumusha zvinogoneka chete pamwe mvumo gona mabasa. Zvichienderana simba kukundikana uye bhuku inobviswa zvinhu vagara vandifungira pakanyorwa nemwaranzi pasi. Kana kugara munharaunda apo ukuru kusvibiswa pamusoro mitemo, asi yakaderera upenyu pamutanhiko muganhu, anovamba chaiyo hurumende yokuzvibata. Pamwe chete matanho aya mabasa, achinyevera kupinda anokuvadza yeimwe ari munhu Muviri kuti mvura uye chikafu. Nzvimbo zvakananga pekugara inofanira wetted pakuparwa yakasimba unhani. Kana kwete, ipapo cheka uswa, musoro ivhu rinobviswa soi. nzvimbo iyi zvakanaka moisturized.

Kana kushanda private nyika zvinokosha kushandisa jira guruva zvifukidziro, armbands kana haende. Inofanira kuva kupembedza akagadzirwa unodzivirira zvipfeko uye shangu, Headwear. muvhu kuita potashi, madota nezvimwe fetiraiza uye peat kuderedza utachiona kubudikidza radioactive zvinhu. All akura zvigadzirwa rakagara rinokosha rokuongorora. Haufaniri kudya hove uye nedzimwe mhuka hwemvura muzvinhu utachiona. Kunonga michero, howa, miriwo, uye kukohwa akavhiyiwa hunotevedzana yaitwa chete pamwe mvumo nezviremera zvomunzvimbo pamusoro migumisiro nemwaranzi zvichiongororwa.

Kana utano ngozi nokuda tsaona chete nemwaranzi achine yomuropa kuzivisa vakuru pamusoro wehurumende kudzivirira uye nechimbichimbi nyaya. Vamwe mashoko kunogona kuwanikwa kubva redzimba dhipatimendi nemamwe masangano mvumo, masangano dzidzo, mamaneja uye vashandi dzakasiyana makambani kufanoronga. Zvikurukuru, zvinokosha kuziva nzvimbo fallout matumba, masangano, izvo zvichaita kuti rakabva pachishandiswa kuchengetedzwa panguva netsaona. Unofanirawo kuziva kero yacho kubvisa, vanachiremba pfungwa (pedyo), nhare machinda simba kuitisa kubvisa uye mamwe matanho zvashata ezvinhu.

In mhedziso

Akapiwa ngozi radioactive midziyo, zvakakodzera kuva vanobudirira matanho kudzivirira tsaona, kuvandudza nyanzvi pachiyero AU netsvimbo. In zviitiko zvose izvi, kuti akwanise zviremera vanofanira kubatanidzwa. Zvizhinji basa kuchengeteka kunobva kuna hurumende.