Kunyanya matambudziko Lermontov kuti mabasa. Famous inoshanda M. Yu. Lermontova

Mihail Yurevich Lermontov - mudetembi rakasiyana. Zvakaoma kuwana munhu haasi kuziva mabasa Lermontov. Zvinyore zvikuru yakawanda, kubva wokufananidzira mitsetse, "Kufa Nyanduri" uye "Borodino" (akadzidza kuchikoro) chiitiko chinokosha nokuda Russian mabhuku XIX remakore - the yokufungidzira "A Hero Chenguva Yedu".

Kana kutongwa pamusoro okugadzira zvinhu, handigoni kudavira kuti nhamo akamusunungura makore 27 chete upenyu. Zvisinei, tarenda rake uye pfungwa zvinhu uye kubvumira murume uyu haana kurarama kwenguva yakareba, asi upenyu inopenya, kuti uve vakaziva chaiwo. Famous mabasa Lermontov, segirazi, vanoratidza ake upenyu hwake hwakapiwa kunzwisisa nzvimbo yavo munyika neminamato yake muupenyu.

Chii chinogona kutarisirwa kubva murume muna 1830 akafanotaura sapakuparadzwa Kesari muna "gore dema"? Ndiani anoziva sei panguva yorufu rwake (ari duel mumakomo) pakarepo wakabvira dutu rinotyisa?

Pushkin uye Lermontov ...

Ndiye muna 1837, pashure pokufa Aleksandra Sergeevicha Pushkina, "mudetembi yeRussian Parnassus wokutanga", akapa chikonzero kunzwa uye kunzwisisa zvose vakararama panguva yake, kuti nzvimbo iyi yakanga isiri shama. Pasina nguva, zvisinei, akanga akabata nayo kuna dzinouraya duel muna 1841. Kunyanya matambudziko mabasa Lermontov vakanga kuonekwa venguva yake. Kana Alexander Sergeyevich Vissarion Belinsky akadana "mudetembi yomukati manzwiro mweya", ane pfungwa zvakatanga kuzvarwa nemvura uye ipapo akasasa mukati muvanhu, kuti Mikhail Yurevich - nyanduri, mumwe mumagariro nezvatinovavarira, kazhinji achitora chinyoreso pasi pokudzora zviitiko zvinokosha zviri Russia.

The unhu hwakasiyana pamusoro Pushkin uye Lermontov?

Kana nyika duku Pushkin yakaumbwa ari zvakanaka inowirirana, zvemagariro kutsiga paitonga Mambo Alexander I, akapa chikonzero kufunga namambo wacho kunaka, uye kuti pfungwa chinokosha munzanga Nyanduri akauya chete wavo mangwanani thirties, zvimwe zvakaita mafungiro Mikhail Yurevich. We zvinopa mukana wokukurukura chaiyo nyaya nokuti mabasa Lermontov vake. Pashure hwokuzvizivisa kwakasimbiswa pasi autocratic ushe Nicholas I. Panzvimbo kuziva chinangwa zvikonzero uya kuna weSeneti Square Decembrists (kureva yakafurira Russian nzanga serfdom uye, naizvozvovo, ari socio-upfumi backwardness munyika), mambo-wakasika zvaasati gendarme udzvanyiriri mashandiro. Zviri pamusoro hwakakanganisika maererano Lermontov akanyora Russian muvanhu.

Kuziva vaakasarudza kutsutsumwa pamusoro reactionary policies, Kurambwa pokunyadziswa simba vanhu - nonyanya matambudziko mabasa Lermontov vake.

Nguva okugadzira zvinhu Lermontov rokutanga

Okugadzira zvinhu Lermontov unogona kukamurwa muzvikamu zvitatu.

The nguva yokutanga (kubvira 1828 kusvika 1832) iri dzinoratidzwa kutevedzera zvakajeka George Gordon Byron. Ndizvo chete British ichi chikuru Lermontov ainzwa pachake kubatana kwomudzimu.

Byron akaita Pashure rechiFrench Revolution, panguva nokuchinja kukuru, kumuka uye pokuwa Kesari Napoleon State. mudetembi Russian - pakati nechisimba maitiro mushure kudzvinyirira pakati kumukirawo pakati Decembrists: yakanakisisa vana Yababa vakaurayiwa, vakatapwa, mujeri.

The zvakafanana. Lermontov uye Byron

Both vadetembi vakabatana kupandukira, mutizi mweya. Bvumiranai, kwete mufaro dingindira nemabasa Lermontov, kwete nechido wechidiki dzorudo pakutanga nguva okugadzira zvinhu ndihwo. Kwete mukana chambotaurwa nezvacho vadetembi enzanisa pachavo pamwe chaienda midziyo kudanana kudzokera pegungwa rine dutu (Lermontov - "Lone White nechikepe ..." Byron - "mukadzi Stanzas kubva England").

Byron kuti detembo (uyewo mabasa Lermontov), maererano hunhu vapiwa noruoko Belinsky, muri kuchema kubatsirwa murwi, asi musachema dzoMweya uye sniskhodyaschim. Mumwe anogona kuona ukuru manzwiro uye kutambura Nyanduri-mugari, uye kusingadzorwi chido nokuda rusununguko. Kutevedzera Ishe Byron, muimbi rusununguko, vakabatsira Mikhail Yurevich kudzidza kunyora zvakajeka, sezvingatarisirwa dzevakawanda, kutsamwa. Zvichakadaro, mune nziyo dzake kurondwa Byron udzamu. Analysis kwemabasa Lermontov, uyo anoratidza kuti kukura mupfungwa, zvinoita kuti tikwanise kuronda consonance yavo pamwechete akarongwa Briton kukuru. Kufanana Byron, iye zvinosuwisa mwoyo chepiri zera rake, anodzvinyirirwa maitiro kuti haana remangwana (Lermontov - "Duma", Byron - "mwana Harold outorwa").

Mikhail, Chokwadi, anoswedera pachake madingindira uye zvifananidzo, uye kunofambidzana kuziva mabasa nevamwe vadetembi makuru akadai Goethe uye Pushkin. Zvisinei, ndiwo nhaka pakati Briton guru, haapiwi mangosangana, asi Rinoshandurawo ( "Hebrew naMelody", "Dying ndouya aikwanisa"). Uyezve, inozivikanwa chigadzirwa nezvenguva Lermontov zvinosanganisira zvakawanda vokunyepera ( "Vision", "kutevedzera Byron," "Night").

Panoperera iyi, mudetembi vachibva munzira Tichitevedzera Chirungu Classics, uye pachazovakwa awedzere nenzira yake enhetembo. On yechiitiko ichi mubasa rake, akanyora zvakajeka kwazvo: "Aiwa, handisi Byron, I - mumwe ..."

Uyezve inotungamirwa kuda nhetembo

Nguva nhetembo yake yechipiri Kunoonekwa ake kutamira St. Petersburg uye kupinda chikoro vamabhiza Cadets uye zviratidzo. Pausiku zvidzidzo ake, akanyora pamusoro nhetembo "nechikepe", zvadaro pachena takanga tisisanakidzwi basa rake. It kodzero mabhuku vatsoropodzi vanoti Lermontov kuti mabasa akakurumbira panguva zvidzidzo ake haana kusikwa. Young murume wakayeriswa chose Junker doro.

Kunze ndechokuti, zvimwe, nhetembo "Ini, Amai vaMwari, zvino munamato." Pane zvamatonga, hussar inofadza vakaroorana 'aishanda' Uto nhetembo. Lermontov akanyora zvikuru wotaura rhymed yemauto majee, nziyo tafura-bapiro uye zvinoita sokuti hatichamuzivi kufunga. Zvisinei, kuti mavambo ose mutinhimira uye kuwirirana, freshness uye kururama nekudetemberwa, kuverenga uye dimikira manyorerwo, unoratidza Kuongororwa mabasa Lermontov kwakaita iyi, kutungamirira kwemamiriro - a zvakazara kuumbwa nyanduri pamberi pedu. Uye kuti tizive izvozvo, tinofanira rakakomba bvunzo.

"Tarenda dzake yakangoerekana yamuka akafanana kenduru ..."

Uye zvakafanana chakaitika chiitiko chinorwadza kuti vakazunza yose hunhu Mikhail Yurevich. News, vatendeuki kubva richizvitenda hussar mumwoyo anonzwa mugari, muparidzi wokururama, akaziviswa kuti rufu Pushkin. Lermontov akarwara paakaudzwa pamusoro nokurasikirwa uku. Panguva imwe chete, uyo anonzwa nenjodzi muRussia pfungwa iyi, dzakatogumbura kusvika pokupedzisira, kuti nhengo dzakawanda munzanga kupembedza mhondi Aleksandra Sergeevicha Pushkina - Georges d'Anthes.

Background kusvika pakasikwa "Kufirwa nyanduri"

Lermontov akanga dzinoronga uye akadurura "shungu pamwoyo," kureva. E. Kuti akanzwa pamusoro bepa ... Aiva kukwana shanduro chigadzirwa. Harisati kunyorwa 16 mitsetse ... Asi kana Nikolai Stolypin (hama amai vangu divi), vakati vatanga paruzhinji nharo Nyanduri, nharo uye kuratidza kuti Dantes - munhu akakodzera uye yekutenga mbiya Lermontov kushivirira chapera, uye iye akaratidza hama pamusoro pachikumbaridzo . Zvino ndakaenda kuhofisi, akagara pasi kuruoko padhesiki rake, uye ... akadurura moto, nekurova mutsetse: "uye iwe, kuzvikudza zvizvarwa ..."

Ruvengo uye norudo nemabasa Lermontov haasati yakarira zvakaoma! Raiva basa wakapiwa kumutsa Russia ... The uchapupu mukurumbira wake munyika kusungwa, uye ipapo dare.

Panotanga kuna Caucasus

Power pahwaro gendarmerie chikwata ( "yebhuruu yunifomu"), kare akatsamwiswa mabasa Lermontov vake. List vomuUmambo vasingavimbiki pachena dzaiva zita rake. Zvino kushanda zvakaratidza kuti kwete pasina zvakavanzika nemanomano gendarmerie akanga dzinouraya duel hwake Martynov.

Zvisinei, isu akamhanyira mberi nharo dzavo ... Ngatidzokerei 1937, vakuru 'achipindura nhetembo "Kufirwa nyanduri." Nicholas I dzinotyisa kuvenga Lermontov uye pachake Aitarisira kwokuomerwa chirango chake.

Mikhail akatamiswa kuti kushumira kuCaucasus. Yaiva kubatana Nyanduri, izvo, zvisinei, nemhaka kuitwa rangu mbuya vake ukama chiedza kwave yekudyidzana mitigated uye kwemwedzi mashomanana okutanga.

"Ruzivo" uye "Dhimoni"

Pano anotanga yechitatu nguva yake rokusika shasha. The pazvidhindo yakagamuchirwa zvinoshamisa hunhu makomo zvinoratidzwa haizopereri zvinyorwa Nyanduri. Nokuda kubatana Lermontov pakati mberi youth Russian vane vateveri vakawanda. Paakadzoka St. Petersburg, mu ipapo Salons iye akanzi basa mumagariro shumba. The vaunganidza kuvava vakatsvaka nhetembo. Mikhail unoitisa "ruzivo" uye "Dhimoni". New magamba mabasa Lermontov raMwari, rakafemerwa naMweya nemaonero ari Caucasus chinokwezva muverengi aikwanisa yake, chido nokuda rusununguko uye kukwana kwomudzimu.

About detembo "Mtsyri" ...

Munyaya anoshanda nhapwa Georgians Circassian ruzivo anoita ushingiwo uye wakaipa kwazvo kutiza, uye mazuva matatu kuedza kutiza vaivatevera ake. Uye pamusoro wake wechina, vaneta, iye kufa, asi dhakwa munhuwi rusununguko, akanunura shure - kusvikira wemamongi.

Belinsky aidavira kuti Mtsyri mufananidzo muverengi anotanga kuchengeta matambudziko mabasa Lermontov vake. Izvi simba uye coherent mabhuku mufananidzo jaya rakatiza "mune awa zvinotyisa", "dutu", apo vamwe vose, ukapisa nokutya, vaiva "pasi peatari", asi panguva imwe chete "pasi pasi," zvakanaka yaiva zvinofambidzana stifling, stinking , utongi magariro uye enyika zvaiitwa Russia iri pakutanga XIX remakore.

Analysis kwemabasa Lermontov kuti, maererano mabhuku mutsoropodzi Belinsky, muchidimbu chinoratidza kwavo nechepakati mifananidzo unhu Nyanduri.

Clear mitsetse mutinhimira yakapambadzirwa iambe tetrameter nhetembo "Mtsyri", chaizvoizvo munhu rume rhyming harinzwi hunoratidza zvose upfumi mifananidzo kunze nyika, uye wose boka manzwiro protagonist: mwoyo, manzwiro, kusingazununguki kutsunga, rudo, munyoro kusuruvara. In detembo iri kunyanya kuchengetwa sezvo anozivikanwa kweshoko kusurukirwa ari unyanzvi mabasa Lermontov.

Lermontov kuti "Dhimoni"

Izvi dingindira woga rokusika unhu anowana zvinotevedzana kwayo nemufananidzo dhimoni, asi eponymous gamba yacho inonzi Lermontov. Kusarudza nechepakati mufananidzo chigadzirwa kunoratidza kubatana pazviri anokosha mupfungwa uye munzanga pfungwa. Haatongi chete zvayo chaiye zvakapesana zvinokosheswa mukirasi mutongo, asi ndiye "Mambo cognition uye rusununguko." Inoita Mikhail dialectic Kurambwa voujaya ari XIX remakore nehurumende muchina kunyadziswa unhu. Achisimbisa izvi, hatisi kungotaura pamusoro kusurukirwa mabasa Lermontov.

Yatova midzi muna nhetembo muvambi uzivi, vakakura Kuziva kuti vanoramba uye kuvenga zvose chokuita chaihwo murayiro nyika, kune ngozi, inotungamirira kune yomukati maturo. Dambudziko "Demon" Lermontov ndiyo kudzitsiva tsika "rudo, kunaka uye runako" zvavo zvoudyire chakavambwa mifananidzo husingaperi. Sezvo zviri kure vanhu! Internal nyika inoratidzika kwaari chaizvo kupfuura "inorwadza zvinetso, pebasa nematambudziko kwevanhu vazhinji." Izvi zvinotungamirira mupfungwa dambudziko, uye somunhu mugumisiro - rufu tenzikadzi wake - Tamara, vakatevera kutaura zviri Demon, "azere muedzo." Dhimoni pachake, uyewo kusangana nemumwe musikana, chisikwa nomweni akazodemba uye kupindura.

Analysis mabasa Lermontov inonyorwa Papera, kunokonzeresa chinoratidza kuwedzera kuziva, kushandisa mazviri, saka, kuti zvinopupurira Kushanduka unhu hwake.

Rudo ari mabasa Lermontov

Musoro rudo nemabasa Lermontov rinonzwika manyawi uye shrill-inosuruvarisa. Zvinosuruvarisa unhu Mikhail Yurevich andisiya unorema rupawo rwake rusina kukwana mberi rudo Varenka Lopukhina. Apo vamwe, zvishoma-chidimbu jaya akaramba, kutsvaka yaizodai yakasiyana chido, Lermontov akanga zvinokosha - "! Zvose kana hapana". Uye apo Barbara akaramba shamwari yake vakavimbika uye tsitsi, zano, asi mudetembi, Chokwadi, ndaida more ...

Kutonga nezvinooneka nhetembo Lermontov rudo - chiedza, yakakwirira, asi zviri rusina kukwana mberi. Naizvozvo, tsananguro mabasa Lermontov muna siyana mabhuku vatsoropodzi avatungamirira kuti imwe mhedziso; ndiko - nyanduri rudo uye kusuruvara. Kunyange mabasa ouzivi Mikhail Yurevich Somuenzaniso, muna nhetembo "Duma" rinowanikwa chinangwa rudo. Uye kunyange vamwe - tizadzise! Teerera chete rwiyo ndima, "Uye tinovenga uye tinoda netsaona ..."

Njere mbuya Nyanduri anoziva kupfuura munhu, akaita akaona chaiwo mafungiro muzukuru wake kuti manzwiro ichi - akakwana, pasina semitones. Mudetembi anogutsikana kuti pane "mumwe upenyu", uye murume akanga pakutanga akasikwa youpenyu Aura mufaro uye mufaro. Maererano kutenda kwake, rudo rwechokwadi havagoni kuva pasi, chinofanira kuva yakaenzana husingaperi hwemafaro. Magamba mabasa Lermontov, kunyange murudo, rumbidzai rudo kupfuura kuzvikudza pachake ake ( "Handizi muduku kwamuri").

Unique ndiko kududzirwa pfungwa mufaro Mihailom Yurevichem. Akadaro tsananguro, zvichida, aigona chete iyo ... akanyatsofungwa muverengi uyo anofarira kufara dingindira kwemabasa Lermontov vake, uchaona zviri mu "Hero Chenguva Yedu": "Mufaro kuramba kuzvikudza!" Mashoko aya mudetembi vainzwisisa mamiriro ichi munhu kana anova nomufaro uye kusuwa imwe pfuma.

zvakakwana ake wakasika chaiwo Lermontov kwakaita werudzii rudo nhetembo - kuti tidzivise pfumbu everydayness wakakwana vakasikwa fungidzira nyika Nyanduri. Ndicho ichi okusika pfungwa kunogona kuonekwa nhetembo "Sonnet", "Valerik".

mhedziso

Features mabasa Lermontov anoratidza ake basa ichikosha rokuita. Rave aiti somunhu rokusika, pfungwa counterweight kune mutemo udzvanyiriri kuitwa Emperor Nicholas I.

mitsetse Lermontov zvaJehovha zvine uye negation aripo hurumende, uye zvechokwadi kurwadza zvichiratidza nezveramangwana Russia. chaizvo mifananidzo (vatambi) ari mabasa Lermontov, saka, chaizvoizvo, pakusika ichi Russian Chirevo ainakidza kunotanga.

Panguva iyoyowo kunokanganisa kudzama vazive nyanduri-makore 27 nyika, uye nokudaro - akasiyana-siyana nezvazvo Lermontov: Mafungiro pamusoro zvichaitirwa kumarudzi, kusurukirwa uye kuzvikudza, kwete dzokushamisira uchiratidza kuzvipira kunyika, matambudziko ukama Nyanduri uye nzanga.

Chake chepakutanga uye non-mureza nokuzivikanwa yave uye anoramba ari chakavanzika.