Kudyidzana nonallelic majini mhando uye nezvimiro

Kupfuudzwa zvechadenga kumarudzi nokuda kudyidzana pakati dzakasiyana-siyana magene. Chii zviratidzo, uye izvo vane aiita pakati pavo?

Chii zviratidzo?

Under genome Pari aireva hutachiwana chairema magene mashoko. Majini zvinowanikwa DNA uye wawo migove STRUCTURAL. Mumwe jini anokonzera kwetunhu imwe mapuroteni Morekuru, iro rinoita kuti kutaura unhu muvanhu.

Jini rimwe nerimwe rine subspecies dzakawanda kana alleles anokonzera zvakasiyana-siyana zviratidzo (semuenzaniso, ruvara Hazel ziso kunokonzerwa chikuru allele ane Gene apo rutema chinhu recessive unhu). Alleles dziri mune imwe nzvimbo ine homologous okutodza, uye kuchinjwa imwe chromosome hunokonzera kutaura unhu.

majini All anosangana. Kune mhando dzakawanda nekuita - allelic uye non-allelic. Nokudaro, yoga kusakarongeka allelic uye non-allelic magene. Sei vakasiyana mumwe uye sei kuratidza?

History yakawanikwa

Asati pazvakawanikwa mhando non-allelic kusakarongeka majini, yakanga vaifunga kuti chete zvinoita kwakakwana kutonga (kana paine hukuru Gene, chiratidzo ngapaonekwe; kana hazvina, ipapo chipepa haangavi). Yemamiriro dzidziso allelic nekuita, iyo vagara inokosha tenet pamusoro genetics. Kutonga ukaongorora, uye akazarura mhando yayo zvakadai kwakakwana uye kukwana kutonga, uye kodominirovanie superdominance.

nheyo dzose idzi vakateerera wokutanga mutemo Mendel, iyo verenga pamusoro kufanana wokutanga chizvarwa VaNefirimu.

Pamusoro mamwe pakuongorora uye kudzidza, zvakanzi akacherechedza kuti havasi vose zvinhu kuchinja kuti kutonga pfungwa. A kudzidza zvakawanda kwazvo zvakanga zvakaratidza kuti kwete chete zvimwechetezvo pamusoro kutaura majini mamirire kana boka unhu. Saka, marudzi nekuita nonallelic majini zvave zvawanikwa.

Zvinoitwa pakati majini

Sezvazvakatemwa akati kwenguva refu vakatonga dzidziso chikuru nhaka. Panyaya iyi, iyo allelic kudyidzana kwakaitika, sezvamakaropafadzwa chiratidzo unoratidzwa chete heterozygous mamiriro. Pashure siyana vasiri allelic kusakarongeka majini pazvakawanikwa, masayendisiti vaigona kutsanangura kusvikira hazvitaurwi mhando nhaka uye kuti mhinduro dzemibvunzo yakawanda.

It Vakawana kuti mutemo Gene kwaibva enzayemu. makemikari izvi kubvumira majini vakaitei nenzira dzakasiyana. The kukurukurirana allelic uye non-allelic Gene akagadzira nenheyo idzodzowo uye zvirongwa. Izvi zvakazoita kuti mhedziso kuti nhaka hakunei mamiriro ezvinhu umo majini dyidzana uye mhaka yedzimudzangara atypical zvinhu iri majini pachavo.

Non-allelic kusakarongeka rakasiyana nemamwe, vachibvumira kuti vawane mubatanidzwa mutsva features, kukonzera itsva mwero inodzivirira kugadzira zvinenge.

non-allelic majini

Non-allelic majini vaya kuti dziri munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzisiri homologous okutodza. kwetunhu basa vane mumwe, asi ivo encode paumbwe mapuroteni siyana, zvichiita zviratidzo zvakasiyana. majini vakadaro vari kuita nemumwe anogona kukura zviratidzo uwandu akawanda:

• Chimwe chinhu ndechokuti nokuda kukurukurirana anoverengeka, zvakasiyana chaizvo mune Gene mamiriro.
• Several zvinhu achavaponesa chete Gene.

Zvakaitwa pakati majini izvi zvichiitika zvishoma kwakaoma zvikuru kupfuura allelic kudyidzana. Zvisinei, mumwe nomumwe pakubhadhara izvi wanda ine maitiro ayo uye zvinhu.

Ndezvipi mhando asiri allelic kusakarongeka majini?

• Epistasis.
• Polymers.
• Complementarity.
• Action modifikatornyh magene.
• Pleiotropic kudyidzana.

Mumwe nomumwe kwemarudzi idzi nekuita ane pachake rakasiyana zvivako zvayo hworatidza pacharo nenzira dzakasiyana.

Zvakakosha kumisa muudzame pamusoro pomumwe nomumwe wavo.

epistasis

Izvi zvakaitwa nonallelic majini - epistasis - kuchengetwa panyaya apo mumwe Gene anovanza basa romumwe (kudzvanyirira Gene inonzi epistatic uye quenchable - gipostatichnogo Gene).

Zvaakazoita pakati majini izvi zvingava kuzivikanwa uye recessive. Hukuru epistasis vakachengeta apo epistatic Gene (kazhinji runotaurwa tsamba ini, kana pasina zvokunze phenotypic okuti) anovanza hypostatic Gene (kakawanda runotaurwa V kana b). Recessive epistasis kunoitika kana recessive allele iri epistatic Gene kuchititadzisa kutaura chero Gene alleles gipostaticheskogot.

Cleavage pamusoro phenotypic zvinoyemurika, pamwe neimwe kwemarudzi aya mukukurukurirana, anonziwo zvakasiyana. Kana hune epistasis kazhinji kuchengetwa kutevera muenzaniso: rudzi rwechipiri kuzvitsaura phenotypes riri sezvinotevera - 13: 3, 7: 6: 3 kana 12: 3: 1. Zvose zvinoenderana iyo majini vaungana.

Kana vakadaro Kuparadzana retsissivnom epistasis: 9: 3: 4, 9: 7, 13: 3.

complementarity

Kudyidzana vasiri allelic majini, sezvamakaropafadzwa kana tichienzanisa maitiro akawanda hukuru alleles kuumbwa itsva, kusvikira phenotype haana vasangana, anonzi complementarity.

Somuenzaniso, kazhinji kwakadai maitiro pakati kwemajini anowanikwa miti (kunyanya nhanga).

Kana genotype ane muti ane hune allele A kana B, izvozvo miriwo awana idenderedzwa chimiro. Kana genotype retsissivny, fetus chimiro inowanzopiwa unoratidzwa.

In pamberi maviri hune genotype alleles zvose (A uye B) nhanga anowana Disc-kufanana chimiro. Kana uchida mamwe maitiro hybridization (i.e., kuramba kudyidzana ichi nonallelic majini manhanga mambure mutsetse), chizvarwa wechipiri anogona kuwanikwa kubva 9 mhuka discoid chimiro 6 - idenderedzwa uye mumwe nhanga elongated chimiro.

mhuka dzirambe dzichiberekana kwakadaro unobereka itsva, vakaberekwa chimiro zvinomera pamwe nemamwe ehupfumi.

Muvanhu, kwakadai nekuita chinokonzera chakaipa kukura kunzwa (rimwe Gene - kukura nedhambakura, mumwe - the auditory etsinga), uye kana pane mumwe chete hune unhu hwakaratidzwa kusanzwa.

polymerism

Kazhinji hwaro chitarisiko chizenga hakusi kuvapo hukuru kana recessive allele pamusoro Gene, uye nokuwanda. Kudyidzana nonallelic majini - Resin - muenzaniso kuratidza kwakadaro.

Polymeric mugumisiro majini vanogona mberi ne tinofanira kugara (chirungiso) zvazviri kana pasina izvozvo. Kana mwero kuunganidza zviratidzo maitiro kunobva zvachose kusakarongeka pakati majini (more majini, zvikuru raidudzwa chiratidzo). Vana yakadai kushanda inokamukana sezvinotevera: - 1: 4: 6: 4: 1 (mwero maitiro kunodzikira, kureva panguva imwe mumwe chikabviswa maximally akaratidza, mune vamwe zviri kuchengetwa zvitsakatike kusvikira Kutsakatika zvachose).

Kana tinofanira kugara mugumisiro haina kuchengetwa, kuratidzwa zviratidzo anoenderana chikuru alleles. Kana paine zvinenge imwe allele, chiratidzo kuchaitika. Kana mwana akadaro chaizvoizvo kukamurwa anotora nzvimbo mune nhamba 15: 1.

Kuitwa modifier majini

Kudyidzana vasiri allelic majini, inotongwa chiito modifier iri kuchengetwa nekaupenyu kashoma. Muenzaniso nekuita kwakadaro sezvinotevera:

• Somuenzaniso, pane Gene D, ndiye anokonzera ruvara zvikuru. Chikuru wehurumende, majini anoita nechitarisiko ruvara, apo pakugadzirwa retsissivnogo genotype kuti Gene ichi, kunyange kana pane dzimwe majini kuti kudzora zvakananga ruvara ngapaonekwe "dilution mugumisiro ruvara" inowanzotaurwa kuchengetwa mbeva samafuta-chena ruvara.
• Mumwe muenzaniso wakadaro maitiro ndiwo kuonekwa mottling mumuviri mhuka. Somuenzaniso, pane imwe F Gene ane chikuru nerevane - kufanana kwakaita värjäys dzemakwai. In paumbwe recessive genotype shinda yakaiswa ruvara vanoiswa, pamwe pakaita Somuenzaniso, makwapa chena imwe nzvimbo mumuviri.

Kwakadaro non-allelic kusakarongeka majini muvanhu hworatidza pacharo kazhinji.

pleiotropy

In kwakadai nekuita inodzora kutaura zviratidzo kana kukanganisa mwero kutaura imwe Gene.

Mhuka pleiotropy akaratidza sezvinotevera:

• Makonzo pleiotropic muenzaniso ndiyo dwarfism. Zvave zvichinzi kuti, kana mayambuka phenotypically kwomuzvarirwo mbeva muchizvarwa rokutanga vose vaduku mbeva dzakanga undersized. Zvakanga vakagumisa kuti dwarfing yakakonzerwa recessive Gene. Recessive homozygotes Haasisina kukura, paiva underdevelopment ari zvomukati uye mumasero. Gene ichi dwarfing zvainoita pituitary shwanu kukura mune mbeva, uye izvi zvakaita kuti vasanyanye kwetunhu hormone akaita zvose zvaitika.
• Platinum ruvara wamakava. Pleiotropy muchiitiko ichi, ngozi Gene akaratidzwa kuti paumbwe hune homozygote vakafurira rufu tuvana.
• Vanhu pleiotropic kwavatori inoratidzwa muenzaniso phenylketonuria, uye Marfan syndrome.

Basa kudyidzana nonallelic

In shanduka mashoko ose pamusoro mhando non-allelic kusakarongeka majini zvinoita basa rinokosha. New Gene anofambidzana kuti chitarisiko hwounhu itsva uye zvivako zvipenyu. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, izvi zvinhu zvinobatsira kuti apone nhengo, mune vamwe - pamusoro zvinopesana, kukonzera rufu ivavo kuti achamira zvikuru pakati adzo.

Non-allelic kusakarongeka majini yaiwanzoshandiswa maberekero genetics. Dzimwe zvipenyu zviri nekugadzirwa zviratidzo recombination zvakafanana. Humwe howa kuwana ehupfumi kuti vanokosheswa munyika yanhasi (semuenzaniso, kubviswa itsva rudzi mhuka nokutsunga kukuru uye simba kupfuura ayo mubereki vanhu).

Basa riri kuitwa pakushandisa mifananidzo ava nhaka muvanhu kuitira kubvisa akaipa unhu hwomunhu genome uye kusikwa itsva, urema-isina genotype.