Gravimetric nzira ongororo: pfungwa, marudzi uye zvinhu

Ndezvipi kusiyanisa zviri nzira iri dzinoratidzwa gravimetric ongororo? Ngatikurukurei pezvawakaita uye mhuka.

Specificity

Gravimetric nzira iri inobva kuongorora mutemo kuchengetedza vakawanda zvinhu uye kugara sezvamunoita. Panyaya iyi, inobva yakarurama uremu nokuyerwa zvinodiwa chazvo, iro akawana sezvo remubatanidzwa ane anozivikanwa makemikari anoumba. Gravimetric kuongorora nzira rakakamurwa mapoka matatu makuru: DISTILLATION, dzokubudisa, kunayisa.

The nzira voga

Zvinonzi inobva dzokubudisa ari analyte vakatsvaka namakemikari chezvinonhuwira iri vakasununguka ezvinhu uye ayo hunotevedzana chaiwo yairema. Somuenzaniso, imwe gravimetric nzira iri quantitative pachisara anobvumira kuziva uremu zviri nemadota mu yakasimba mafuta. Nokuti Masvomhu kwaiyerwa Kukuru Mukutonga kwechiFascist, combusted muenzaniso chinotsva mairi, kunoguma dota yaiyerwa. With kurema Zvakasara, achishandisa nzira zvakawanda chikamu nenhumbi quantitative indekisi rinowanikwa mune musanganiswa.

DISTILLATION

nzira kuongorora uku - iyo gravimetric kugutsikana, sezvo akaverenga kunosanganisira kwakakwana kubviswa rokuti ave gaseous remubatanidzwa uye haizopereri achirema pakati yakasimba vakasara. nzira iyi inogona kuona kuti mwando zviri siyana zvinhu, overenga quantitative kugutsikana mune nekristaro mumvura crystallization. Kuita kuverenga kwakadaro, pakutanga kuona mukanyiwa of vaiona mharidzo zvinhu akasarudzwa. Zvino akabvisa kwazviri yakajeka chikamu chose. Kusiyana uremu pamberi nokuomesa kana calcination uye pashure mukanyiwa chinhu detectable namakemikari moiety. Maererano nzira nevazhinji chakapatsanurwa rinoitwa quantitative Masvomhu.

deposition Technique

Chii nzira iyi ongororo? Gravimetric deposition nzira inobva quantitative kunayisa pamusoro unodikanwa Ion sechinhu zvishoma soluble chete imwe makemikari anoumba. The zvichiguma precipitate yakanga yakasvinwa, akashamba, akaomeswa uye ipapo calcined. Pashure zvakakwana kubviswa kwemvura pachikero. Kuziva mukanyiwa ari precipitate, anogona ngaaverenge quantitative kugutsikana mune muenzaniso mamorekuru kana ions yacho achida chikamu.

Zvinodiwa Kuti kunayisa ari gravimetric ongororo

Asi - chii munhu gravimetric kuongorora nzira? Basic akavhiyiwa iri nzira chokuita deposition pamusoro kunayisa kwacho. Kururama yakawanikwa iri kuongorora mugumisiro uri zvakananga novimba makemikari anoumba fuma, asi precipitate mamiriro kwomwoyo. Uyezve Masvomhu chokuita keke maitiro panguva kuomesa uye calcining. Kazhinji kuchinja makemikari anoumba kunoguma sludge panguva yayo calcining. Rakachengetedzwa mufananidzo unonzi makemikari anoumba kunoguma precipitate.

Basic nzira dzinosanganisira gravimetric pachisara kuwana mugumisiro yakarurama. Ndokusaka kuti giravhiti uye pezvakaita rakachengetedzwa emadhaka inofanira kusvitsa zvimwe zvinodiwa.

1. Inofanira kuva shoma solubility, uye Zvakanakisa - kuva insoluble namakemikari akakura.
2. Inofanira kuumba crystals makuru. Muchiitiko ichi hapana zvinetso filtration kwacho, nekuti havasi kuzadza pasi pores. In huru crystals pamusoro pemvura duku, vari adsorbed panguva shoma kumhanya aripo mhinduro, zviri nyore kuti kugeza. Amorphous kunayisa iron hydroxide (3) The tsvina adsorbed pasina matambudziko, ivo zvakaoma kusuka kubva chechipiri, inonzwika apo remubatanidzwa ichi anononoka.
3. Zvakakwana uye munguva pfupi pfupi negore muchimiro regiravhiti.

Zvinotarisirwa wechinhu rinokweva

Ngationgororei mashoko gravimetric nzira ongororo. Musimboti nzira - kuti zvakakosha rwakatwasuka. Gravimetric chimiro rinofanira kunorondedzerwa makemikari payakavakirwa inoshandiswa kuverenga zviri dzakananga zvinoumba mharidzo. The calcined precipitate panguva kutonhora uye achirema kurapa havafaniri yekubata mvura mhute kubva mumhepo, kana kuti kuwanazve oxidized. Kana sludge ane chitarisiko zvakafanana, yakanga Pakutanga dzikwanise mudanga chimiro, vachishandisa anokosha makemikari. Somuenzaniso, kuverenga zvakawanda chikamu calcium carbonate iri zvinhu, kuumba gravimetric karusiyamu oxide inokwanisa rokutora kabhoni yakasviba uye mvura, iri vatendeukira karusiyamu sulfate. To ichi calcined precipitate ikarapwa pamwe sulfuric acid, kuchengeta tembiricha hurumende (500 ° C).

Midziyo yokutsvakurudza

Zvaunofanira kuita nzira kuongorora zvakadaro? Gravimetric musimboti kunosanganisira kushandisa dzinokosha namakemikari nhumbi guru miganhu. Pano akashandisa dzakaonda-nemasvingo mikombe zvakasiyana siyana, fanera, girazi tsvimbo, awa girazi, porcelain crucibles, mabhokisi girazi. Gravimetric uye titrimetric kuongorora nzira dzinosanganisira kushandiswa mumidziyo yakachena chete kudzivisa chero zvikanganiso zviri Masvomhu. Dry makwapa kana madonhwe anoratidza kuvapo pamusoro girazi pechiso mafuta zvinoriumba. Precipitation kuchaita kuomerera rukoko urwu, zvichiguma kuoma zvizere kuchinjirwa kune firita navo. Nzira gravimetric nzira kunosanganisira kungwarira washing detergents. Kuchenesa porcelain crucibles kushandiswa kupisa sanganisa hydrochloric acid, ipapo musanganiswa chromic mhinduro. Zvinokurudzirwa kutanga basa akanomutsa mudziyo yakachena.

Equipment kuongorora

Chii chinosiyanisa gravimetric nzira ongororo? Musimboti nzira - mune quantitative kutsunga yenhengo vari acho. The midziyo kuti zvinoda kutsvakurudza zvakadaro, zvakafanana chii rinoshandiswa mune Qualitative kuongorora. For anoshanda mativi raida mvura dzokugezera, porcelain zvokuridza, yamavira, Kukuru Mukutonga kwechiFascist nembato, muffle yamavira, gasi burners. Nokuti calcination mu gasi burners porcelain crucibles zvokuridza anoshandiswa, yakagadzirwa porcelain sepombi wakasimwa uri simbi substrate. Sarudza netriangle rakakura kudai kune Kukuru Mukutonga kwechiFascist makabuda ari pakakwirira wechitatu. Crucibles akasuma muvira uchishandisa refu forceps ane sandara, upwardly curved mativi. Havafaniri Kunyudzwa sludge. Asati pokushandisa kumigumo forceps ndokunatsawo, calcined mune gasi burner furnace. Desiccators kushandiswa kutonhora zviri calcined kana nenharo zvinhu mumba tembiricha. Zviri gobvu-nemasvingo regirazi mudziyo riri kuvharwa pasi-pechifukidziro. Rezasi Chikamu desiccator yakazara ine hygroscopic pfuma:

• zvidimbu calcium oxide;
• phosphorus oxide (5);
• kuramba sulfuric acid.

Sulfuric asidhi absorbs unyoro. Anoshanda desiccator, zvakakosha nechokwadi kuti zvikamu pasi-raiva paiva girisi.

Mitemo zvakabudiswa chiedzwa

Vaiona kupatsanura gravimetric kuongorora nzira kunosanganisira kushanda nezvinhu. Central funga muenzaniso wakadaro, ine zviduku yakawanda analyte zvinhu rine makemikari mumuviri zvivako wakananga huru batch mangé. Kururama zvakabudiswa kunokanganisa rakarurama chokugadza kwemakemikari uye chitarisiko uye makemikari anoumba zviri vakaongorora. Anosarudza avhareji mharidzo nokungwarira kukuru, zvimwe yakakwirira mukana zvikanganiso, kururama pakuongororwa. Zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti guru akakora pakati makemikari anoumba zvingasiyana zvinhu kubva muguruva. Naizvozvo pane zvitatu:

• chikuru yokuenzanisira - inodiwa wokutanga chokutambudzika kuedza;
• pasipoti kana rabhoritari yokuenzanisira - vakawana Akaroromesawo kutanga kurema mharidzo kuti vanoda kuti makemikari physico-zvokuimba ongororo;
• Analytical - inotorwa murabhoritari yokuenzanisira kuongorora makemikari.

Pane chikamu sezvo Analytical kemisitiri. Gravimetric kuongorora nzira ndiyo nzira imwe wakateya quantitative Zvinoumba nyaya. Kuitira kudzivirira kuchinja mwando kana makemikari anoumba nyaya, zvokuvakisa gravimetric pachisara inochengetwa munyika yairema bhodhoro, zvakasimba chisimbiso lids. Part dzokuenzanisira zvinodiwa zvakananga kuongorora uye chikamu unorambira chengetedza.

Preparation dzokuenzanisira yokutsvakurudza

Nokusimudza vaiona pasi guru analyte yokuenzanisira Analytical mharidzo iyo kwaiyerwa kuongorora makemikari. Basa rinokosha quantifying kukosha mharidzo dambe. The kukuru uwandu yokuedzwa yokuenzanisira iri kutora gravimetric pachisara neyakarurama pamusana yapihwa. Asi ichi zvinoomesa ari filtration muitiro zvichiguma precipitate, calcining nayo, nokushamba. Nezvikonzero izvi, yekudyidzana akaredzva nenguva kuongorora. Munguva duku mharidzo zviyereso rakarurama kutsunga iri yekudyidzana ipfupi. Kuti aite achirema batch nezvishoma, shandisa duku yokurinda magirazi. Kugadzikana, hygroscopic fuma kuti zvakayerwa imwe namahwindo yairema bhodhoro.

deposition mamiriro

Okuvhenekesa mashoko kunge mharidzo yakanaka akauya. Gravimetric kuongorora nzira Panguva iyi hunosanganisira quantitative kuchinjwa zvinodiwa chezvinonhuwira neimwe namakemikari. Kuziva mukanyiwa pamusoro precipitate, zvinokwanisika kuverenga chikamu rokuti kuti kutsunga. Kukwana kunayisa iri zvakananga novimba rakarurama kuongorora. Pakati zvikonzero nokuda izvo kwete ose dzaona zvinoriumba kuchaita precipitate, muudze kungava kukwana kunayisa. It zvisingaiti vawane mhedziso kwemvura, anogona chete kuderedzwa kune shoma zvichibvira varasikirwa. Nokuti kuongorora yasarudzwa precipitator - anenge insoluble precipitate. Ari kutorwa rakawandisa, kuitira kudzivisa izvi nemakemikari. Pane zvimwe zvinhu zvinofanira akasangana kuwana crystalline precipitate:

• kunayisa kubva sanganisa zvinogadzirisa kusimba dambudziko vakatakura precipitator;
• Nenharo zvingaitwa rakachengetedzwa inopisa precipitators.

Nokuti kuedza, akasarudza yepamusoro reagent Ion kuti vakatsunga. Zvakaoma kusarudza imwe precipitant kunotemwa rimwe Ion. Panyaya iyi, masking rinoitwa avo nezvimedu izvo zvinogona kuvhiringidza wakazara deposition kana kuvabvisa kubva mharidzo yokugadzirisa rokuita quantitative kuongorora.

Zvinenge zvisingaiti kuwana chaicho precipitators vose ions yakajeka. Zvino zvakafanira kushandisa masking kana ions mukuvhiringidza deposition, kana kuti kuparadzanisa kubva mhinduro asati kunayisa. Kuziva pamusoro zvinoitwa sekristaro kwemvura, zvinokwanisika kuti kushandisa zvinhu nyasha paumbwe guru crystals.

1. Ko chiito kubva rakasanganiswa inopisa zvinogadzirisa precipitant, wakatorwa duku yevasungwa. Kana neshungu, asi solubility pakati crystals duku rwuchiwanzwa, saka kuwedzera wevasungwa pamusoro precipitant uye ions mune mhinduro. Nokuda Fani iyi, crystals guru kuumbwa kuti akakundikana kuiparadza kana neshungu.
2. Akadurura precipitator kuziva zvinhu pamwe pamwero pasi. Kushandiswa nokusanganisa magirazi tsvimbo, izvo hazvifaniri kubata pasi rusvingo uye kamwene. With anokurudzira, kuti sekristaro kukura dzinovhurika sokutadza nhamba nzvimbo yacho crystals.
3. Cake kumira kwemaawa anoverengeka. The amorphous precipitates rakachengetedzwa pasi chaiwo ezvinhu, sezvo vari anongoti adsorption muitiro siyana nouipi, uye chitarisiko colloidal mhinduro.

Zvinetso gravimetric ongororo

Kururama quantitative Masvomhu sei emadhaka unhu. Nechepakati kusvibiswa chipimo zvakarurama yekudyidzana ipfupi, kukanganisa inowedzerawo. Chikonzero kusvibiswa iri co-kwemvura, ndiro kunayisa pamusoro dzimwe zvinhu. Kune mhando mbiri co-kunayisa:

• pamusoro adsorption;
• Occlusion.

Kuongorora kukwana kunayisa okuyerera Ion achiwedzerawo madonhwe reagent shoma kuti inotoda yakaumbwa pamusoro emadhaka. At azere kuerera kubva Ion deposition mhinduro achagara pachena.

mhedziso

Qualitative ongororo inosanganisira quantitative Kutsunga inorganic ions vari acho. Huru zvitarisirwa vaiona Qualitative Kuongorora yasarudzwa mharidzo kuonekwa uye kuziva chaizvo zvinoriumba, kana ions kwemakemikari okunze, rimwe fuma kana dzichipfekeka boka. Fractional nzira kuongorora kuti mukudzidza nyore wemisanganiswa, kana kutsvaka vashoma zvinoriumba. For gravimetric kuongorora zvakadaro zvinoda takaparadzana ivhu uye haakoshi uwandu Qualitative siyana. Kuti zvakazara havatsananguri bvunzo fuma iri inorganic zvinoriumba, kwokutanga musanganiswa pakutanga kwoita munhu "Analytical boka", ipapo achibatsirwa dzakananga siyana yakazaruka mumwe achida Ion. Enderana Qualitative ongororo anobvumira kuwedzera rakavimbika Analytical mashoko. Vasati vatanga quantitative pachisara zvakakosha Met pfungwa kunaka nemuedzo yokuenzanisira, kusarudza Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri nzira.