Mhuka rutoto: huru nzira

Rutoto mhuka akazviratidza makore anenge zviuru 30 BC, pamwe kukura nedanho domestication dzomusango kwemarudzi. Pakutanga vanhu aishandiswa vanonzi chavanoziva kusarudzwa nenzira yaakasarudza avo nevanhu zvakanaka kuwirirana munhu zvingabatsira, takava rakapfava hunhu, akateerera uye, Chikurukuru, aigona kuramba rudzi senhapwa maberekero.

Around 9000 BC vanhu vakatanga kunyatsofunga sarudza mhuka zvimwe zvinobatsira unhu, ndiro nguva yakarongeka vakasarudzwa. Yakanga, uye akatanga kuva chirimwa uye mhuka maberekero ari kupfuura dzose pfungwa. Asi domestication, sezvo nzira selection, anoramba nhasi. Somuenzaniso, zvinokosha kuziva kwemauto ichi sezvo mbava kurima.

Kunyanya mhuka rutoto

Zvinofanira sarudza mhuka maberekero kunyanya tichienzanisa chirimwa maberekero. Chekutanga, vanhu vamiririri fauna of vanokwanisa bereka chete pabonde, kuti chinhu chikuru mugove vemo vari heterozygous zvinenge. Chechipiri, vane yakareba kukura nguva. Mhuka dziri yakaorera pakarepo pashure pokuberekwa, uye gare gare makore mashomanana. Chechitatu chinhu ndechokuti vamiririri fauna of wevana iri shoma zvikuru pane kuti zvinomera.

All idzi vakaumba chaiyo maberekero nzira, kwete hwokuzvarwa kune kasvisto. Chokwadi, zvinokosha nzira, iyo inosanganisira hybridization uye selection, vakapona. Asi kunewo zvachose nzira dzakasiyana havasi kushandiswawo miti.

rutoto nzira

Inbreeding kana inbreeding, iri zvinoberekwa iyo boka richitora mazamu nemhuka akawira mumwe hama kana vabereki nevana. Somugumisiro, hunokwanisa unhu vanogona kuenda mune homozygous mamiriro. Zvisinei, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti pamusoro nguva, anouya kurasikirwa kana chinokosha kudzikira mune chinhanho kubva vakachiwana specimens.

Mhuka dzirambe dzichiberekana, kana outbreeding kunodiwa hwokuchengetedza zvakafanira unhu munhu, kuwanika vose dzinoita. Nokuda outbreeding akagamuchirwa kwazvo mhando dzakawanda anokosha, akadai chena wokuUkraine inowanzorimwa nguruve, rinobva pamuchinjikwa pakati ane Chirungu White musii pamwe wokuUkraine purebred nguruve. Somugumisiro, kusarudzwa mhuka akabvumira kuti kuwana erudzi kusiyaniswa vakawanda guru, refu zviri mafuta, nyama, uye vane mwero kwazvo.

Hybridization kunosanganisira takayambuka vakaroorana vanopinda akasiyana marudzi. Nzira iyi ine kuvamirira kukuru zvose vana chena. Asi kunyange dambudziko iri ruminant mhuka inogona kukundwa. Muenzaniso unoshamisa ndiye hybridization manyurusi, riri pamuchinjikwa pakati mbongoro hachi. Nyurusi kwakasiyana nesimba guru uye inotapira hasha mbongoro bhiza.

Chimwe chidobi chinhu chakagadzirwa insemination. Rinoshandiswa kuti sezvo vazhinji mwana imwe mugadziri.

Chimwe itsva uye anonakidza nzira - mudumbu transplantation. It chakavakirwa kumbonyanya kunzwisisa zvokurapa akavhiyiwa kana waiti hadzi kemikari mishonga kuwedzera nhamba mazai. Ipapo zai iri nourume, Tuvana vanobviswa, zvinopa amusimudze kune dzimwe mhuka, kuita basa rimwe anoberekera mumwe mukadzi mwana, kana chando pamusangano tembiricha kuti 273 S. Ipapo inogona kuchengetwa kwenguva refu kwenguva, kuti kukwanisa kushandisa mune ramangwana.

Saka, kusarudzwa mhuka anogadziriswa rimwe matambudziko inokosha wevanhu vose - dambudziko yokuwana zvokudya, zvokudya. sayenzi yemazuva unokubvumira kusika mhuka itsva kuti zvikuru kugutsa zvinodiwa nevanhu. Uye sayenzi haana pamire achiri.