How kuyera mumhepo nevamwe Pascals? Chii chakaipa mumhepo nevamwe Pascals?

Chadenga - gasi gore akapoteredza Earth. Air Weight, kureba mbiru mukuru 900 km ane kunonyatsobaya vagere redu. Hatidi kunzwa izvi, muchinzwisisa upenyu pazasi penyanza mhepo chataiva. Kusagadzikana munhu anonzwa, achifumira kumusoro kumakomo. Okisijeni kushaikwa chinokurwadzai kuneta. Kana ichi chaizvoizvo mumhepo kumanikidzwa kuchinja.

Physics inokurukura mumhepo kumanikidzwa, ayo kuchinja uye ayo simba pamusoro pepasi.

Nokufamba wefizikisi mukuru kudzidza mumhepo chiito chikoro vakagamuchira rebei kutarisirwa. Chaizvo kuziva nedoro rakakwirira, zvakamubaya pamusoro pezvakaitwa kuitika musha kana zvakasikwa, zvinotsanangurwa pachishandiswa zivo mumhepo chiito.

Kana kutanga kudzidza mumhepo kumanikidzwa? Grade 6 - nguva kuziva pamwe peculiarities zvomumhepo. Ramba muitiro uyu Profile makirasi chesekondari.

History of kudzidza

Yokutanga kuedza kumisa mumhepo kumanikidzwa dzekudenga wabatwa 1643 panguva pfungwa yacho Italian Evangelista Torricelli. The girazi chisimbiso pane imwe mugumo chubhu ikazara nemekiyuri. Kuvhara Ukuwo, yakanga vazodzikisa kupinda nemekiyuri. In yokumusoro chikamu chubhu nokuda haasaruri leakage pakati nemekiyuri kuumbwa chinhu, kuti vawane zvinotevera zita: "Torricellian maturo".

By nguva ino sayenzi chaiwo vakatonga dzidziso Aristotle, uyo aidavira kuti "hunhu aisema munhu Vacuum." Maererano nemaonero ake, varara nzvimbo pasingaguti nefuma havagoni kuva. Naizvozvo, kuvapo voids mugirazi chubhu refu nguva kuedza kutsanangura vamwe vanaamai.

Chokwadi kuti chiri chinhu, pasina mubvunzo, hazvina haigoni uzadzwe, nokuti nemekiyuri kuti mavambo kuedza kwakazadza chose humburumbira. Uye zvichiitika, haana kutendera zvimwe zvinhu kuti vazadze nzvimbo. Asi nei vose nemekiyuri haina kudirwa ngarava, uyewo zvipingamupinyi izvi ikoko? Mhedziso yakajeka: zviri nemekiyuri ari chubhu sezvakunoitwa dzokukurukurirana midziyo, anosika kumanikidza chete pamusoro nemekiyuri ari mudziyo, uyewo chinhu kubva kunze. Nenguva pamwero pamwe pemvura nemekiyuri anobata chete mhepo. Yakanga BP yake anochengeta fuma kubva ichiyerera kubva negiravhiti. Gas anozivikanwa kusika zvimwechetezvo kwose kwose. simba rake riri pachena pemvura nemekiyuri iri mumudziyo.

Naizvozvo, kureba HG of humburumbira ndiyo inenge kuenzana 76 cm. It rinozivikanwa kuti chikamu ichi zvichisiyana pamusoro nguva, mumhepo kumanikidzwa zvinosiyana. It kuyerwa mu masendimita HG (kana millimeters).

Ndezvipi zvidzidzo kushandisa?

International System vezvikwata zviri dzakawanda, saka hakudi kushandisa millimeters ose nemekiyuri. Art. kuziva kumanikidzwa. Unit mumhepo kumanikidzwa kusimbiswa saizvozvo sezvo unowanikwa nezvishoma uye mvura mvura. Kuyerwa kumanikidzwa mune pascals dzakatorwa SI.

1 Pa ari wokurera kumanikidzwa iyo pave simba 1 N, kwakakonzerwa chikamu 1 mamita ^2.

Dudzira sei yakabatana dzakabatana. Pressure mvura mbiru akaiswa inotevera payakavakirwa: p = ρgh. Mercury arambe achirema ρ = 13.600 makirogiramu / m ^3. Sepokutangira tinotora nemekiyuri kureba 760 millimeters. Nokudaro:

p = 13600 makirogiramu / m ³ × 9,83 N / makirogiramu × 0,76 M = 101292,8 Pa

Kunyora mumhepo nevamwe Pascals, funga: 1 mm HG = 133,3 Pa.

Muenzaniso dambudziko kugadzirisa

Kuona simba nako zvomumhepo anoita padenga pamusoro kukura 10x20 m. Vaifungidzira akaenzana mumhepo nevamwe 740 mmHg

p = 740 mmHg, mumwe = 10 M, b = 20 m.

kuongorora

Kuti tizive potency zvakakodzera kuti amise mumhepo nevamwe Pascals. Tichifunga kuti 1 millimeter HG akaenzana 133,3 Pa, isu tiwane zvinotevera: p = 98 642 Pa.

chisarudzo

Kushandisa nzira nevezera vasabatwa:

p = F / s,

Sezvo nzvimbo yacho denga hakuna kupiwa, kufunga kuti zviri rectangular mu chimiro. Nzvimbo mufananidzo uyu nenzira fomura:

S = AB.

Dzinomiririra sikweya ukoshi kukarukureta fomura:

p = F / (AB), apo:

F = PAB.

Compute: F = 98642 Pa × 10 mamita × 20 M = 19728400 H = 1,97 MN.

Mhinduro: The simba nevezera zvomumhepo padenga akaenzana 1,97 MN.

chipimo Nzira

Experimental Kutsunga mumhepo chingavabvisa kuitwa kushandisa shongwe nemekiyuri. Kana pedyo kuti kugadzirisa pakafunuka, zvinova zvinoita kuti andobata kuchinja. Ndicho nyore nemekiyuri chaicho.

Akati pamwe kushamiswa rokuchinja mumhepo chiito rakanga Evangelista Torricelli, unobatanidza muitiro uyu nekupisa uye kuchitonhora.

The optimum ainzi mumhepo kumanikidzwa pagungwa pamusoro pa 0 Celsius. ukoshi Iri 760 mmHg Normal mumhepo kumanikidzwa mu pascals kuonekwa akaenzana 10 ⁵ Pa.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti nemekiyuri rakanyatsojeka utano hwevanhu. Somugumisiro, haugoni kushandisa rakavhurika nemekiyuri barometers. Other zvinwiwa vane densities yekudyidzana muduku, saka chubhu akazara mura zvinofanira zvakakwana refu.

Somuenzaniso, mvura mbiru wakadenha Blaise Pascal, zvinofanira kuva pamusoro 10 M kureba. Zvakaipira iri pachena.

aneroid chaicho

Danho zvinoshamisa mberi anganzi kure pfungwa emura kusika barometers. Vachikwanisa kubereka zano nokuti Pakusarudza kumanikidzwa muchadenga rakatangwa muna aneroid chaicho.

The chikuru Chikamu mita - a sandara bhokisi, umo mhepo iri pumped kunze. Kusava batwa mhepo, pose chakagadzirwa chemarata. System boll zvitubu chokuita nomuseve inotaridza kumanikidza mutengo nedanda rechikero. Ekupedzisira anogona kudzidza chero dzakabatana. Akayera mu Pascals mumhepo kufurirwa kunogona panguva yakakodzera chipimo akamboona.

Nokusimudza kukwirira uye kumanikidzwa zvomumhepo

Kusandura arambe achirema zvomumhepo sezvo vanosimuka zvinoisa vasanyanye zvavaida. Heterogeneity of gasbag haibvumiri mutemo Linear kutanga kuchinja, sezvo kukwira kunowedzera ukuru kufurirwa rutapudzo riri shoma. At panyika sezvo vanomutswa zvose 12 metres zviri muchadenga Falls 1 mm HG. Art. Munyaya troposphere, kuchinja kwakafanana kunoitika zvose 10.5 m.

Pedyo penyika Earth pagungano kukwira ndege ndege aneroid inopiwa chaiwo scale, anogona kuona kukwirira mumhepo kumanikidzwa. Chishandiso iyi anonzi altimeter.

Special mudziyo pamusoro pemvura Pasi unokubvumira kuzoraira altimeter kuverengwa pana zero, kuramba kurishandisa kuona Nokusimudzwa kukwirira.

Muenzaniso kugadzirisa dambudziko

Mujinga megomo chaicho vakaratidza mumhepo kumanikidzwa 756 mm HG Chii ukoshi achava chinhu kukwira pamusoro 2500 metres pamusoro pegungwa? Unoda kunyora mumhepo nevamwe Pascals.

peji ₁ = 756 mm HG, H = 2500 m, _p2 -?

chisarudzo

Kuti tizive chaicho ari pakakwirira H, tinofunga kuti okuda ikasawira 1 mm HG ose 12 mamita. Naizvozvo:

(P ₁ - p ₂₎ × 12 M × H = 1 mm HG, apo:

peji ₂ = S. ₁ - H × 1 mm HG / 12 M = 756 mmHg - 2500 mamita × 1 mm HG / 12 M = 546 mmHg

Kunyora zvichiguma kufurirwa ratinoona muna Pascals, mutevere makwara izvi:

peji ₂ = 546 × 133,3 Pa = 72619 Pa

Pindura: 72.619 Pa.

Atmospheric kumanikidzwa uye ekunze

Movement ose mumhepo mhepo akaturikidzana pedyo pasi nomumativi non-dzakafanana kudziyisa dzedenga munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana kukonzera kuchinja okunze mumativi ose enyika.

The kumanikidzwa dzinosiyana kubudikidza 20-35 mmHg nokufamba kwenguva uye 2-4 mm HG masikati. Munhu utano havana hanya kuchinja indekisi ichi.

Atmospheric kumanikidzwa ane mutengo iri pazasi dzose uye kazhinji kuchinja, inoratidza nedutu pakavha pamwe chokwadi. Kazhinji Fani iyi achiperekedzwa ramakore kunayisa.

Low kumanikidzwa hachisi chiratidzo ekunze kuchinaya nguva dzose. Bad ekunze zvikuru novimba zvishoma nezvishoma kwokuderera chakarurama ichi.

A unopinza kumanikidzwa rutapudzo kusvika 74 masendimita HG uchingodzikira kutarisana dutu, mapopoma kuti tirambe kunyange kana chinoratidza ratova kutanga kusimuka.

Weather shanduko nani kunogona pakutsvaga zvinotevera nzira:

• pashure yakareba okunze akaipa pane zvishoma nezvishoma uye akadzikama kukura mumhepo kumanikidzwa;
• mu ita bvungapfunga ekunze slushy kumanikidzwa kunowandawo;
• munguva wokumaodzanyemba mhepo chakarurama ichi parinobuda kwemazuva akawanda;
• Atmospheric kumanikidzwa kuwedzera vhuvhuta ekunze - mureza pave hwomutambarakede ekunze.