Chii hunhu shanduka kwevanhu?

Chimwe chezvinhu dzichipesana uye zvishoma-vakadzidza pezvakaitwa mu zvipenyu ndiyo anthropogenesis - the shanduka nzira emunhu ari marudzi. Kuti kubva nemaonero rwokuzvarwa sainzi, nokuti shanduka kwevanhu kwese? Hapana chakavanzika kuti aivapo paleontological zvasara zvisaririra kuti akarongwa sezvo madzitateguru anthropoid, sainzi zvichishandurwa zvakasiyana. A akaipa muchinangwa kudzidza nhoroondo kukura Homo sapiens vairidza uye zviitiko falsification chokwadi. Izvi zvinooneka kukura anthropology?

Chirungu unyengeri

Yeuka nyaya akawanikwa 1912 iri akasiyiwa matombo nenzvimbo dzokurasira kumabvazuva kweEngland piltdaunskogo dehenya kwevanhu, ndiro makore anopfuura makumi mashanu kwainzi Transitional chimiro pakati nemaape uye murume. Chete muna 1963 zvakanzi vakawana kuti chikamu dehenya hwemazuva Homo sapiens artfully kurerekera orangutan rushaya uye izvozvo zvose sechinhu kwebhokisi uye chisipo link anthropology. Munyaya ino tichaona kuti zvakafanana chinoenderana Kushanduka noruzhinji rwevanhu. Biology, kusiyana chitendero uye uzivi, ane pachinhu ichi chokwadi chiri zvokuchera matongo uye paleontology. Ngatimboongororai navo mberi.

zvokukura anthropogenesis

Kukura muviri sechinhu utachiona rudzi secrete matanho akadai: yekare, zvekare uye mangwanani vanhu ano. He marangwanda of Heidelberg murume, Sinanthropus, Javanese Pithecanthropus zvipenyu vanotenda zvizvarwa Australopithecus, vaigara anenge mamiriyoni 1,7 akapfuura. Masayendisiti akawanda kuvaona sezvo rudzi tsvagai vanhu - pryamohodyachego murume aigara East Africa.

Next, zvipenyu vakakamura pfungwa. Vamwe vanoti kumativi 300 zviuru zvemakore akapfuura kwakaumba yoga mhando yekare vanhu -. Neanderthals nevanhu ano vokutanga vakabuda - the Cro-Magnons. Other vaongorori vanodavira kuti munguva nguva munhau iyi shanduka kwevanhu dzinoratidzwa kubudikidza predominance mumwe rudzi - Homo sapiens, chine subspecies maviri panguva imwe chete: kuti Neanderthal uye Cro-Magnon. vanhu vavo vakanga vari munharaunda ano Caucasus, Southwest Asia, uye Europe.

Biological mapatani ari kukura kwevanhu

Zvakabuda okufananidza anatomical zvaanorumbidza zvinopa uchapupu hwakasimba hwokuti Homo sapiens ndohwaJehovha Unorudzi Primates. Kufanana vanhu nezvipfuwo boka iri chokuita kumativi ose marangwanda, zvinonyatsorehwa zano nemamiriro huta, kweropa, kufema uye zvimwe vasiri nehurongwa. Genetics akasimbisa rimwe chete toronga kurongwa genome vanhu uye yakakwirira primates. Zvose pamusoro apa anoratidza kuti dzidziso dzevanhu kunoratidzwa chinokosha nokuwanda zvoutachiona unhu kuti dzive navo mhuka. Asi havasi wechikoro. The aitungamirira basa ndezvaiye anthropology yokushamwaridzana zvinhu: zvawakabatira pamwe mabasa inosimudzira nomuromo pakukurukurirana, paumbwe magariro, kukura chitendero netsika. Ngationgororei navo zvizere.

Phylogeny of kwevanhu

Kukura kufanana fauna of paNyika, mutsa Homo sapiens atora hukuru chinzvimbo zvakasikwa. Chikonzero ichi sezvinotevera: nokuti shanduka nzanga yevanhu kunoratidzwa ne predominance pakati pokudzora chaivo zvinhu. The Kugadzirwa Analytical uye chakaita zvokugadzirwa mashandiro anoita cerebral cortex uye kutaura - kusiyana huru pakati murume nemhuka.

ehupfumi aya usatsungirira muna genome uye haina kuvana. Vanogona kuumbwa chete pazera iri achifurira vanhu: kudzidzisa uye dzidzo. Nemhaka kukura vanhu aiva Chiitiko chakadai nehanya nevamwe. Pamwe chete simba socio-ezvoupfumi zvikonzero pamusoro, kuremekedza vakwegura, kutarisira vana nevakadzi - yava ikozvino nguva yokuti shanduka womunhu inozivikanwa mukuru papi.