Apo, kune kure ne1330, Berthold Schwarz, mutongi weGermany, akawana izvo zvinokonzera zvombo zvepfuti, haana kutarisira kuti aizova mutungamiri wemwari mutsva, mwari wehondo.
Kutanga kwezvombo
Kuwanikwa kwemamonki kwakakurumidza kushandiswa munyaya dzehondo, uye pasina nguva kwakange kune mazano maviri mukugadzirwa kwezvombo, apo propellant propellant properties yakashandiswa. Yokutanga yakanga iri kusikwa kwezvombo zvinoshandiswa nemaoko, yechipiri kwaiva kugadzirwa kwepfuti. Kuonekwa kwezvombo zvakabatwa nemaoko hazvina kutungamirira kune kusikwa kwemarudzi matsva emauto. Vakanga vachingozvigadzirira zvombo zvaivepo, vachitsiva mumakumbo emabhiza nepamabhiza ehondo uye mapfumo emagetsi achikanda mapfumo. Asi kuonekwa kwepfuti kwakaumba mauto matsva, ayo muRussia ainzi "zvombo", uye iyo nyanzvi yeItaly yezvombo zveNiccolo Tartaglia yakasarudza kudana nhumbi dzokurwa nadzo, iyo inoshandurwa inoreva kuti "unyanzvi hwokupfura." Vamwe vatsvakurudzi vanodavira kuti rudzi urwu rwemauto rwakaratidzwa zvikuru kupfuura iko kuwanikwa kwemukuru weGermany, nekugadzirwa kwemauto ekutanga ekukandira - ballista. Ita sezvazvingaita, mwari wehondo yaiva yezvombo zvekugadzira zvombo.
Kuvandudza mwari wehondo
Nokufamba kwenguva, nhau dzehondo dzisina kumira, uye zvombo zvepfuti hazvina kungovandudzika, asi mhando itsva dzakabva dzaonekwa: maitiers, matope, magetsi emoto uye vamwe. Muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri, mabwende echokwadi akatonga hondo. Uye pamwe chete nekuvandudzwa kwepfuti, zvombo zvemapuranga zvakagadzirwa.
Marudzi ehombodo
Hondo yekutanga yezvombo, iyo yakadzingwa kune muvengi, yakanga isina chinhu chakafanana nedombo rekugara, iri kutakurwa mu ballista. Nekuuya kwemakona kwakatanga kushandiswa ibwe rakakosha, uye ipapo masimbi esimbi. Vakakonzera kukanganisa kumuvengi nekuda kwesimba rekunakirwa rakagamuchira panguva yepfuti. Asi kunyange muzana remakore rechigumi nemaviri remazuva edu muChina, nzvimbo yakakura-kuputika yakashandiswa, iyo yakakandirwa pamusoro pemuvengi kuburikidza nekanyora. Nokudaro, chirevo chekuita chigadziko chakakomberedzwa nekuputika mukati hazvina kutora nguva refu. Saka pakanga paine artillery yakakwirira-kuputika shell. Akakonzera kukanganisa kukuru muvengi nekuda kwesimba rekuputika nekuparadzaniswa. Mushure mekuuya kwezvinangwa zvehondo, nhumbi dzakakosha-kubvarura, zvinyorwa-caliber uye zvigadziriswe zvombo zvakagadzirirwa kutarisana navo. Basa ravo raifanira kupinda mukati mezvombo uye kudzivirira nzira uye simba rinorarama riri muZbronevom nzvimbo. Uyewo pane zvikwama zvechinangwa chakanaka: chiedza, kupisa, chimiro, kushungurudzika nevamwe. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, mapurisa anotungamirirwa ari kuwana mukurumbira, iyo iyo pachayo inogadzirisa kufamba kwavo kuti ive yakarurama yakafanirwa kuparadzwa.
High explosive shells
Fugas inofambisa mabhomba (mabhomba), iyo inokanganisa muvengi kuburikidza nekutya kwemajinga, kupisa uye kuputika kwezvinhu (mamwe mabhuni, somuenzaniso, kupa mhepo inopisa panguva yekupisa). Iko-refu inoputika yakagadziriswa inenge yakasvibiswa inenge isina kushandiswa. Izvo zvinoputika zvinowanikwa musimba rakasimba rakasungirirwa rinogona kukwanisa kudzvinyirirwa mumugwagwa. Saka, apo kuputika kunoputika, shell inoumba nhamba huru yezvimedu. Mhando yakadaro yainzi ye-high-explosive fragmentation projectile (FPS). Iyo yakawanda kwazvo yezvombo zvemapurisa ndeyeIASS chete.
Shrapnel
Sezvo zvakaoma kuva nechokwadi chekufananidza kupararira kwezvimedu panguva yekuputika kweSPS inowanzogadzirwa, kuparadzaniswa kwepurogiramu yakaputika nezvinhu zvakagadzirwa zvakagadzirirwa zvakagadzirwa. Mhando iyi yemapurisa yainzi "shrapnel" (mukuremekedza wezvakaitika, mukuru weBritain Henry Shrapnel). Kubudirira kwakanyanya kwave nako nekuputika pahupamhi hwemamiriyoni emamita kubva pasi. Muzvombo zvemazuva ano, zvinhu zvinokuvadza zvine mhando ye pyramid feathered, iyo inobvumira kunyange zvigaro zvishoma zvombo zvokurwa.
Fugas pamusoro pezvombo
Mukupera kwema40-yezana remakore rechimakumi maviri muBrithani, purogiramu yakanyanya kuputika yakagadzirwa kuti ikunde vavengi vengoro. Yaiva nemhosva nemasvingo mashoma, umo maitirwe kuputika uye detonator ane muchengeti. Pakukurukurirana nhumbi dzokuzvidzivirira nadzo, imwe nhomba yakaonda yesimbi yakaparadzwa, uye kuputika kwaiva kwakaputika pamusoro pezvombo, kutora nzvimbo yakawanda yepamusoro. Mushure meizvi, detonator yakatanga kukonzerwa uye kuputika kwakaputirwa. Somugumisiro, vashandi uye nzira dzakaparadzwa munzvimbo yekunze nezvikamu zvepakati uye kupisa kwepamusoro kwezvombo zvezvombo. Iyi mhuka yainzi yezvombo zvekurwadza zvakakwirira-kuputika shell. Zvisinei, nekuuya kwesimba rekudzivirirwa uye zvombo zvakatarisana, zvakanzi hazvina kubudirira. Parizvino, mabhomba akadaro akashongedzwa chete munyika yavo - mu UK.
High explosive shells
Iyo fuse yekutanga yakanyanya kuputika zvombo yaive yakasangana, iyo yakaiswa pamoto apo yakabudiswa kubva kune cannon uye yakatanga kuvharwa kwezvitsotsi pashure penguva yakati. Zvisinei, mushure mekuonekwa kwepfuti uye zvigumbuso zvekugadzirisa maitiro, izvo zvakavimbisa musangano nechipingamupinyi chepamberi pekoti, futi dzekuita chiito zvakaonekwa. Kubatsira kwavo kwakagadzikana mukuti kuputika kwekuputika kwakaitika pakarepo mushure mekusangana nechipingamupinyi. Kuti kuparadza masvingo, zvinokonzera fuses zvakange zvakagadziriswa nemuteereri. Izvi zvakabvumira kuti zvombo zvipinde mukati mechigumbuso kutanga, nokudaro zvakanyanya kuwedzera kubudirira kwayo. Sezvo ndakagadzirirwa mumiriri wevhu neine detonator yakadaro ine muviri wakakura uye masvingo akareba (ayo akabvumira, kuburikidza nekinetic simba, kupinda mukati-kati mumasvingo ekuputika kwenguva refu), kanda yekiti yakawanikwa.
Nenzira, pakutanga kweHondo yeGreat Patriotic, matangi eKV-2 ane makirokiti makumi maviri nematanhatu ekukanda-kona akabudirira kurwisana neGermany motokari dzakagadzirirwa. Pakurohwa muvhareji kana chiedza cheGermany chinonzi, projectile, nemhaka yehuremu hwayo, kutanga kuparadza motokari, kubvarura shongwe, ndokubva yabhururuka. Kuvhiringidzika kwekutyisidzira fuzes kwaiva kuti kana vakarova ivhu rakaoma (somuenzaniso, nenyamba) ivo havana kushanda. Dambudziko iri rinogona kubviswa nefureti iri kure, iyo inobvumira kuti zvombo zviparadzwe pane imwe nzvimbo kubva pamagetsi epfuti. Pari zvino, rudzi urwu rwe detonator runoshandiswa munenge yese yeOsS. Iyo inobvumira, somuenzaniso, kupisa kubva kumatangi ematangi pamagariro emhepo (helicopters).
Kurwisa kushandiswa kwekuputika mabhosi
Kupisa-kuputika mabhomba ndiyo inonyanya kushandisa zvombo zvemazuva ano. Inoshandiswa kuparadza masvingo, kuparadza uye kuparadza zvakasiyana-siyana zvombo zvemauto, zvombo zvaro, simba revanhu. Nekubatsira kwavo kunopfuurira mumigodhi yemigodhi uye chigadzirwa chemajini. Semuenzaniso, munguva yekupedzisira yeGreat Patriotic War, Soviet yezvombo zvekuzvidzivirira mauto ISU-152, achishandisa 152 mm high-explosive projectile, akabudirira kuparadza bunkers rechiGermany kuHeeelow Heights, iyo yakaita kuti kuve kwakakonzerwa ne1 and 2 Guards Tank Masimba Katukova naB Bogdanov North-east of Berlin. Kunyangwe mune zvombo zvisiri zvombo zvenyukireya zvezuva redu (RCD "Smerch"), hwaro hwemapuraneti hunoumbwa nekuputika kwezvakagadzirwa zvinokwana 9M55F, izvo zvakaenzana nezvombo zvekuparadza kwakawanda munguva yekurwiswa kwe salvo.