General dzidziso Employment, Interest uye Money Dzhona Meynarda Keynes: pfupiso

"General dzidziso Employment, Interest uye Money" rakanyorwa British Economist John Maynard Keynes. Bhuku rino rava magnum yake opus. Munyori "The General dzidziso Employment, Interest uye Money" akatanga kurondedzera chimiro uye pamazita tichitarisa macroeconomics ano. Pashure racho basa muna February 1936, pakava anonzi Keynesian chimurenga. nezvoupfumi vakawanda vakabviswa dzekare kudavira kuti misika anogona vakazvimiririra kudzorera basa zvizere mushure pfupi zvakohwewa nezvakanga. Bhuku yakatanga akatanga pfungwa dzakadaro ava kunzi multiplier, kuparadzwa basa, shoma negoho guru, inoshanda vade uye zvaunoda kuti liquidity.

Dzhon Meynard Keyns: Summary

The ramangwana muvambi macroeconomics ano akaberekwa muna 1883 muguta Cambridge. pfungwa dzake vakanga vakatondeswa fundamentallno kuchinja dzidziso uye kuita paruzhinji sarudzo munyika zvoupfumi mumunda. Dzhon Meynard Keyns ndeimwe zvikuru masayendisiti remakore rechi20. Iye inopikisanawo uchapupu pamusoro dzekare dzidziso kubudirira "ruoko chisingaoneki" mumusika. Keynes vakasvika pakugumisa kuti zvinonyatsorehwa pamwero zvoupfumi basa vagara vandifungira uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. kudiwa. Saka rokupedzisira uye vanofanira kuisa hurumende ari tenzi regulator, ane basa iri kuderedza basa zvinogara. Mushure Second World War dzinenge dzose dzakabudirira kuti anobva policies dzavo maererano Keynesian maonero. Kufarira munzvimbo ino kwakatanga kuderera mune 1970 maererano nekusagona kudzora dzakakwirira mitengo mumatunhu. Zvisinei, pashure mari dambudziko 2007-2008. Nyika dzakawanda ndatanga kudzokera Keynesian nzira murau vanoshingaira hurumende kupindira mune National upfumi, sezvo ikazopiwa Keynes. "General dzidziso Employment, Interest uye Money" riri vaiona basa chikuru musayendisiti. Rine ose anokosha mazwi uye mhando iyi muitiro.

"General dzidziso Employment, Interest, uye Money": bhuku

The chikuru Pfungwa Keynes magnum opus ndechokuti kwemabasa mwero hakubvi pakutsvaga mutengo basa, sezvinoonekwa neoclassic uye uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. kudiwa. Muvambi macroeconomics vaifunga kuti basa uzere hakungagoni kukwanisika bedzi nezvinhu musika zvigadziriswe. Naizvozvo zvakafanira kuti kupindira ane simba rechitatu, kuti ndiwo mamiriro. Basa "General dzidziso Employment, Interest uye Mari," anotsanangura kuti underutilization okuwana kugona uye underinvestment - ". Ruoko chisingaoneki" munhu wechisikigo mamiriro ezvinhu pamisika upfumi, iyo hunodzorwa chete nokuda The musayendisiti anoti kushaya makwikwi - ichi hachisi chinetso chikuru, dzimwe nguva kunyange vasanyanye mubayiro hakurevi kusika zvimwe mabasa. Keynes kubva pakutanga zvikuru mubhuku rake. Aidavira kuti aigona kutendeuka zvachose pasi rose chinyakare maonero. Mutsamba kushamwari yake Bernard Shaw muna 1935, Dzhon Keyns akanyora: "Ndinotenda kuti kuita kunyora bhuku iri ezvoupfumi pfungwa, izvo zvichaita budiriro huru - Zvechokwadi, kwete pakarepo, asi mumakore gumi akatevera - sei nyika yasarudza yomuka zvinetso zvoupfumi. " basa iri inokosha ine mabhuku 6 (mavhoriyamu), kana zvitsauko 24.

okutanga

"General dzidziso Employment, Interest uye Money" pakarepo rakabudiswa mumitauro mina: Chirungu, German, Japanese uye French. Mumwe nomumwe mabhuku, Keynes akanyora okutanga. Kusimbisa akaiswa mavari zvishoma zvakasiyana. Mune Chirungu pakadhindwa basa rake, Keynes anoudza nezvoupfumi zvose, asi akaratidza tariro kuti zvichava kubatsira vose vanoriverenga. It Anotiwo, kunyange pachena pakutanga tingaona asi zvose zvakafanana ukama, akanyorwa makore mashanu adarika pakati naye uye vamwe bhuku rake - ". Yekutanga musi Money"

ziviso

Chii basa "General dzidziso Employment, Interest uye Money"? Muchidimbu kwayo Chaizvoizvo inogona kurondedzerwa se: kudiwa kunoita kupfimbwa, zvinopesana neizvi mamiriro ezvinhu hazvibviri. Chitsauko chokutanga zvinotora peji chete hafu. Total vhoriyamu iri zvikamu zvitatu:

• "General pfungwa."
• "The postulates pamusoro dzenhoroondo zvoupfumi."
• "The nheyo inoshanda kudiwa."

Munguva pamusoro zvikamu, Keynes anotsanangura nei anotenda kuti bhuku rino anogona kushandura maonero nezvoupfumi pamusoro upfumi kushanda. Anoti kuti musoro rave vakanyatsosarudzwa kusimbisa kusiyana nemashoko dzekare pfungwa, kushandiswa zvakabudiswa izvo zvinobatsira chete dzimwe nguva, asi kwete nguva dzose.

Book II: «Tsanangudzo uye pfungwa"

Inoitwa zvitsauko zvina:

• "Kusarudza mashoko zviumbu yakayerwa."
• "The zvinotarisirwa zvose kugadzirwa uye basa determinants".
• "Tsanangudzo mari, mari uye inivhesitimendi."
• "A Kukurukurirana zvizere."

"The propensity kuti uparadze"

Vhoriyamu wechitatu anotsanangura musimboti zvinodyiwa uye rinotsanangura sei kunomutsa zvoupfumi basa. Keynes aidavira kuti panguva Depression hurumende anofanira restart mashoko "injini" Zvimwe mari. Bhuku rino rine zvitsauko zvitatu:

• "Objective zvinhu".
• "Nyaya determinants".
• "The shoma propensity kuti uparadze uye multiplier."

Maererano Keynes, pamusika haana kukwanisa kuzvidzora. Haana kutenda kuti basa yakazara chinhu dzinongoitika mamiriro kuti chokwadi kuisa yenguva refu. Naizvozvo, zvakakosha kuti hurumende kupindira. kukura kwoupfumi, maererano vamiririri Keynesianism, zvachose novimba nomazvo fiscal uye mari nehurumende.

"The chido mari"

The shoma negoho guru - nhamba pakati mari kwaniso wayo mutengo. Keynes richiienzanisa kuti dhisikaundi unodiwa. Bhuku yechina ine zvitsauko 10:

• "The shoma negoho guru."
• "Mamiriro refu zvavaitarisira."
• "The mukuru dzidziso kufarira."
• "Classical pfungwa".
• "Psychological uye mabhizimisi incentives kuti liquidity."
• "Various zvaanorumbidza nezvokuva guru."
• "Properties Chinokosha Richifarirwa uye Money".
• "General dzidziso Employment, achangobva akagadzira".
• "Zvaiitwa urovha."
• "Price Nemuromo".

"Notes Brief"

Complete hunoshamisa macroeconomic basa ( "General dzidziso Employment, Interest uye Money"), mashoko omunyori muzvitsauko zvitatu:

• "On nemugwagwa yatinofema."
• "On mercantilism, mitemo mhindu, ndokugadzira mari uye underconsumption zvokufungidzira."
• "On evanhu uzivi.

Muchitsauko chokupedzisira, Keynes akanyora: "... pfungwa nezvoupfumi uye vazivi enyika, pasinei nokuti vari kwakarurama, vane zvakawanda simba kupfuura nevakawanda. Zvechokwadi, nyika iri kutongwa nezvishoma zvakasiyana. Varume zvinoshanda, vanotenda pachavo yakazvimirira zvachose pfungwa nemasayendisiti, zvinowanzova varanda vamwe defunct Economist. Crazy simba zvinowanwa pfungwa dzavo kubva munyaya dzimwe scribblers kubva nyika sayenzi regore rakapera. Ndinovimba kuti simba hunopiwa zvido zviri kuwedzeredzwa tichienzanisa zvishoma nezvishoma kuparadzirwa pokudzora pfungwa. Zvechokwadi, kwete pakarepo, asi pashure imwe nguva; mune dzezvoupfumi enyika uzivi pfungwa vanogona kuva nezvahunoita dzidziso uye muna 25-30 makore. Uye pfungwa, kwete hunopiwa zvavanofarira, kune ngozi munzira zvakanaka kana kutambudzika. "

Support uye kutsoropodzwa

"General dzidziso Employment, Interest uye Money" harina hwakadzama mazano basa hwenyika. Zvisinei, Keynes akaratidza tsika sei kuti kukanganisa mubhizimisi uye private manwiro kuderera-refu mubereko prices uye kuchinja zvinhu international mari hurongwa. Paul Samuelson wittily akati Keynesianism "akaparadza nezvoupfumi vaduku vakawanda zvisingatarisirwi itsva chirwere kurwiswa uye anoparadza kure dzinza vepachitsuwa kuSouth Seas."

Kubva pakutanga "General dzidziso Employment, Interest uye Money" chaiva gakava basa. Hapana aiziva chaizvo Keynes aifunga. reviewers Early dzakatangwa dzinonetsa zvikuru. Keynesianism zvikuru inotumidzwa kubudirira kwayo kune inonzi "neoclassical kwetunhu" uye zvikurukuru, Alvin Hansen, Paul Samuelson uye John Hicks. Ivo zvakagadzira tsananguro yakajeka yokuti uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. kudiwa. Hansen uye Samuelson akazogadzira "Keynesian Cross" uye Hicks akasika muenzaniso IS-LM (-saving upfumi). Yakapararira "General pfungwa" pashure Depression. The musika kugona kukurira zvakanga zvakohwewa, saka kupindira hurumende sokuti chisingadzivisiki.

uchidzidzira

zvakagadzirwa vazhinji vakatanga wakatangwa muna "General pfungwa", vari anokosha macroeconomics ano. Zvisinei, chikuru pfungwa iri kuti mhaka recessions haina kukwana uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. vade, haana kurarama. Mapoka yunivhesiti zvino kunyanya kudzidziswa vanonzi New Keynesian dzezvoupfumi. Zvinotora pfungwa chiNazi chekare-refu zvakanyatsoenzana. Neo-Keynesians havana kufunga "General Nemuromo" rinobatsira mberi pakudzidza. Zvisinei, nezvoupfumi zhinji vachiri funga nezvarinoreva. Muna 2011, bhuku ndokuwira mazita yakanakisisa wepanguva nonfiction.

Shandisa ari kudzidza upfumi

The kuedza kutanga kuchinja "mukuru pfungwa" kwava rokushandisa vadzidzi Robinson, rakabudiswa muna 1937. Zvisinei, chinonyanya anobudirira zvakazoonekwa kutungamirira Hansen. More Bhuku ano yakabudiswa muna 2006, Hayes. Zvadaro vakazopomerwa nyore shanduro rakanyorwa Sheehan. Paul Krugman aiva munyori musumo itsva reThe "The General Nemuromo" pakati Keynes, rakabudiswa muna 2007. Zvisinei, zvishoma nezvishoma, muvambi anorasikirwa zvarinoreva. Kazhinji kugamuchirwa pakati nezvoupfumi nhasi ndiro uchapupu kuti waidzora upfumi kuburikidza uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. kudiwa kunogona chete kuva pfupi uye kwenguva yakareba pachiyero zvinogona kugadziridzwa pasina tichibatsirwa pamusika zvigadziriswe.