Mid-yomugungwa anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri. Tectonic mamiriro evaMedhia muhomba

Marongerwo uye Kushanduka goko paNyika kunotemwa nokusaparadza chete kukura asiwo kwakabva mukuru kwakaita nzvimbo yacho penyanza paburiro. Mapoka maviri Munokudzwa pano: Oceanic rwenze sezvo kutanga munhu Transitional mhando nemamiriro goko uye muMedhia akapiwa muhomba pamwe abyssal mumapani uye kuhondo.

kuedza patsanura

Nokuti zvavo mashoko pamusoro sechivako penyanza pauriri rimwe yemapuraneti gadziriro iri iiswe. Mid-yomugungwa anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri dziri rinenge pakati huru Oceanic dzezvimwe, unogovera vave vakaenzana nhengo. Pane kuedza akawanda panguva kupatsanura. Menard, semuenzaniso, kusiyana navo sezvinotevera:

• yakafara pemvura anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri pamwe raidudzwa seismicity (eg East Pacific.);
• Underwater yakamanikana anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri pamwe kumawere uye zvizivikanwe nemichina basa (semuenzaniso Mid-Atlantic Ridge.);
• yakamanikana Nokutonga, asi vasina anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri pemvura zvizivikanwe nemichina basa (semuenzaniso., uye Average Pacific Tuamotu).

Maererano GB Udintsevu, mid-yomugungwa anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri havana analogues panyika. D. G. Panov classifies pemvura anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri muna Pacific Ocean kusvika makona pachikuva - zvemukati uye kwokunze - uye anobata pavo analogues pakati Continental platforms. Kunyange zvakadaro, muMedhia akapiwa muhomba tectonic marongerwo haigoni semhosva pano tectonics. Kukwirira amplitude pamusoro tectonic inochinja uye grandly pamusoro hwakanyatsorwisa Continental - pasi hurongwa.

inotungamirwa

Chimwe ndicho siyana dombo idzodzo munyanza - yomugungwa miseve. Most zvose, avo nePacific Ocean. Kune mhando mbiri:

• anticlinal Akabvisa kutaipa pamwe pamatombo akawanda ekare ari chinoumba;
• Oceanic yokuvamba miseve ine kuputika pasikweya, kusanganisira yakatotsakatika anoputika (Guyot).

inotungamirwa nguva

Middle-Age zvenguva iri pakutsvaga nemamiriro goko - Continental kana Oceanic nayo. Unogona kuona nzvimbo dzakawanda maererano Alpine zvivako, zvakasimba musoro uye zvikuru kutura mugungwa. Somuenzaniso, nharaunda yakabatana gungwa muFiji.

Mid-yomugungwa anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri anticlinal - zvinyoronyoro neyemitenusirwa, uye vamwe vari zvisinganyanyi kuitika pasi pemvura anoputika - anenge gurwa. Iyi yakanga ichangobva kuumbwa, uye nyore mhando deformation pegungwa uriri muchimiro kusabatana platforms uye zvikuru zvizivikanwe nemichina uye kuputika basa. Sezvaunoziva, zvose zvakatanga panguva Cenozoic Quaternary. Anticlinal dzidzo - mid-yomugungwa anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri - vari kuumbwa uye kukura uye ikozvino.

The mhando dombo idzodzo munyanza rechipiri - miti munyanza - zvakawanda kureba uye urefu. Linearly elongate nokusimudza pamwe sandara dzakatenuka vane ukobvu duku zvikuru pamusoro cortex. mamiriro ichi ane zvakawanda anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri nemakore-munyanza. Mienzaniso: South Pacific, East Pacific nevamwe.

Uyu maumbirwo kupfuura yekare, makomo anoputika dzakaumbwa pavari panguva Tertiary nguva, uye gare gare ava seamount mberi. Haisi yezvikanganiso yakadzika wakadzokororwa kanoverengeka.

Sechivako epakati penyanza akatevedzana

Ocean anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri munzvimbo dzine kusabatana - ndiyo Nzvimbo akaoma. The sharpest nokupesana Murongerwo inowanikwa munzvimbo chimiro Mid-yomugungwa anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri, dzakadai Atlantic uye Indian nyanza, South Pacific, kuti Southern Ocean kubva African mapazi pakati Australia uye Antarctica.

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinoita zviri ichi mhando mamiriro - grabens (mipata yakadzika), flanking dungwerungwe kumusoro (anosvika matatu kilometers) Nhongonya, rakatumbuka payakakurudzirwa chirefu kuputika pasikweya. A zvishoma akafanana Zvikwenzi hunhu nemamiriro, asi kusiyana zvikuru dismemberment zvikuru raidudzwa pane dziri maumbirwo nemabhandi gomo.

Pasina yechipiri (uye fractional) partition, iro rine evaMedhia muhomba nezvose neyemitenusirwa, tinogona kutaura pamusoro zviratidzo richangopfuura paumbwe zvokuyamura. Ipapo pasi yakatenuka varipo yakabatana sandara pasi pamwe matanho, vakaparadzana mumwe. Uyu aimbova danho nezvikanganiso. Zvinoshamisa - vagadzirisane Valley, iro anokamura muMedhia akapiwa muhomba hafu.

Sei kunosvika yemapuraneti Oceanic nokutyora, pakutsvaga kutsemuka zvikamu. Izvi zvinonyanya iziviswe chimiro kuratidzwa tectonics pazuva rokupedzisira gumbo rimwe Geological nguva huru. Tectonic mamiriro evaMedhia akatevedzana angava akasiyana. Somuenzaniso, Kamchatka - nzvimbo basa tectonic urongwa, volcanism pane ano uye kugara. Okhotsk chinogumbura lithospheric ndiro kupatsanurwa Oceanic goko achiumba Continental uye muMedhia akapiwa akatevedzana Kamchatka - chinangwa kuramba richiona acho.

nzvimbo

Lithospheric mahwendefa kufamba uye kungoita (anonzi divirgentsii) kutendeuka kwavo Oceanic goko. Nhovo munyanza robuda, pova nemakore yomugungwa anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri. Vakanzi Classified ari mashanu remakore rechimakumi maviri munyika ino pamwe kutora mukana Soviet Union.

Mid-yomugungwa anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri vane Kureba anopfuura zviuru makumi matanhatu makiromita. Unogona kutanga pamwe Gakkel Ridge mu kweArctic Ocean - kubva nenyanza yeLaptev kuna Spitsbergen. Saka ramba pasina dzongonyedzo mutsetse yake kumaodzanyemba. Ikoko Mid-Atlantic Ridge kunosvika kuna Bouvet Island.

Next Pointer anotungamirira uye kumavirazuva - zviri American-Antarctic Ridge, uye kumabvazuva - by African-Antarctic, kupfuurira rwezasi-vokumadokero Indian Ocean. Pano zvakare, munhu mhesano nekatatu - muArabhiya-Indian Ridge vanofanira kuva Meridian, uye Southeast Indian Ocean kuripa kuna Australasian Antarctic.

Izvi hazvina mugumo mutsetse. Kuenderera South Pacific Simuka, achiumburuka kuMabvazuva Pacific Simuka, izvo anoenda kuchamhembe, kuCalifornia, muna San Andreas Mhaka. Izvi zvinoteverwa munhu pakati muhomba Juan de Fuca - kuCanada.

Belted nyika kupfuura kamwe, mutsetse vakaisa Pointer dzinoratidza zvakajeka apo chimiro mid-yomugungwa anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri. Ivo pose pose.

rubatsiro

Mid-yomugungwa anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri vari kuumbwa Pasi sezvo hofori nechishongo nehafu zviuru makiromita pahupamhi, kukwirira nembiya iri pamusoro uye vatatu, uye mana makiromita. Dzimwe nguva vreshiny protrude kubva pakadzika penyanza, dzikaumba zvitsuwa, kunyanya kuputika.

Kunyange penyika yacho muhomba zvasvika wakafara makubhiti zana makiromita. Special runako kupa utsinye ruggedness pamusoro Nzvimbo uye vashomanana-misa mamiriro. Pataifamba muhomba akabatana kunosvika kazhinji vagadzirisane Valley matatu makiromita yakafara pamwe axial vagadzirisane (ina-shanu-kiromita pahupamhi mutswe kukwirira ndiyo nemazana mazhinji mamita).

Pazasi vagadzirisane aripo vaduku anoputika, vakakomba hydrotherms - matsime inopisa kuti secrete sulfides simbi (sirivha, kutungamirira, cadmium, simbi, mhangura, zingi). Pane kuramba kwenyika diki.

Under axial rifts magma makamuri chokuita kiromita, kuti zviri zvakakwana rakamanikana rakadzama nemashoko nechepakati kwemakomo riri pasi mutswe. Hand yemakomo zvikuru vakwanise penyika - mazana nemazana makiromita. Ivo akafukidzwa akaturikidzana kuti dhaka deposits.

Nhengo dzose ezvinhu ndiwo chete: vamwe pakati-yomugungwa anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri iri vakwanise uye pesva, panzvimbo vagadzirisane Valley vane fungidziro pamusoro Oceanic goko. Somuenzaniso, mashoko East Pacific Simuka kuSouth Pacific nevamwe.

Ose medial muhomba dissected pamwe rokuchinja (kureva, transverse) zvikanganiso munzvimbo dzakawanda. Zvikanganiso izvi, kuti muhomba akabatana zvava pedyo chinhambwe kwemazana makiromita. takayambuka nzvimbo avhiringidzwa mu chake muchimwiro, kureva, dzegirini, zvimwe izvo dostinayut kune makiromita masere zvakadzama.

The chakarebesa pemvura gomo cheni

The rakareba kupfuura ose epakati pegungwa akatevedzana iri pasi Atlantic Ocean. Iye Anogovana North America uye Eurasian tectonic mahwendefa. Zvinotora Mid-Atlantic Ridge 18 000 makiromita. Chikamu ichi wegadziriro Oceanic anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri ari mana zviuru makiromita.

Inoitwa evaMedhia akatevedzana Atlantic pachishandiswa nhamba zvishoma duku: Knipovich anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri uye Mona, Iceland-Yanmayetsky uye Reykjanes, uyewo guru chaizvo - kureba vanopfuura zviuru zvisere makiromita of North Atlantic Ridge uye gumi nehafu chiuru makiromita - muSouth Atlantic.

Pano pamakomo akakwirira, kuti akaumba ngetani zvitsuwa: ndiro Azores uye Bermuda, uye kunyange Iceland, Saint Helena, chitsuwa Ascension, Bouvet, Gough, Tristan Da Cunha, uye vazhinji duku vaya.

Geological Masvomhu vanoti pakati muhomba achiumbwa munyika Triassic munguva. Transverse mitswe vari misha akabatana nhanhatu makiromita. Pamusoro akatevedzana kunzwisisa chinosanganisira tholeiitic basalts, uye nechepasi - iri amphibolites uye ophiolites.

Global Positioning hurongwa

Dzepamusorosoro chivako mugungwa - tatamuka kuti zviuru makumi matanhatu makiromita ane mid-yomugungwa anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri. Vakanga huviri anenge kuenzana sezvikamu Atlantic Ocean uye Indian - migove mitatu. Muna Pacific middleness asingaremekedzwi pumped kumusoro: nechishongo anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri vakatamira pasi kurutivi, kuSouth America uye zvadaro nekamukwavarara pakati makondinendi kutiza pasi huru kuNorth America.

Kunyange Arctic duku Ocean ane Gakkel Ridge, icho chinoonekwa zvakajeka tectonic nemamiriro nepakati pegungwa akatevedzana, inova yakaenzana kukwidza epakati gungwa.

Huge mumatenhere penyanza paburiro - ndivo miganhu lithospheric kwamahwendefa. pamusoro kwePasi wakafukidzwa mahwendefa mahwendefa aya, ayo regai lezhitsya pamusoro gwapa; vari kuramba zvinokambaira mumwe, nokuputsa micheto, kusunungurwa magma uye chivako tichibatsirwa muviri wake mutsva. Somuenzaniso, North America Plate akafukidzwa ayo nekwakapinza vavakidzani maviri, zvichiumba anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri Strait Juan de Fuca uye Gorda. Kuparidzira, lithospheric ndiro kazhinji infringes pamusoro uye yokuita nharaunda kwamahwendefa vavete. Makondinendi kutambura nayo kupfuura zvose. Vari mutambo uyu somunhu anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri: mukondinendi kure Oceanic goko, vachisimudza naye, kupwanya uye pakumedura.

vagadzirisane

Pasi nechepakati nechimwe chikamu yemakomo nzizi magma simuka, Munotatamura goko paNyika nokuputsa yayo kumicheto. Akaadira pasi, iyo magma inotonhodza, kuwedzere vakawanda siyana. Zvadaro chigamba chitsva nguo uchanyauka hwatsvuka uye rinopwanya hwaro itsva, uye zvose inodzokororwa. Saka gungwa iri kuwedzera goko pasi. Izvi anonzi kupararira.

vachiparadzira kukurumidza (pakati penyanza pasi) anosarudza kuchinja chitarisiko anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri kubva chikamu chimwe. Uye nenguva chivakwa. Where zvakasiyana nokukurumidza siyana rokuyamura Dzinochinjawo zvachose.

Apo kupararira mwero yakaderera (eg. Vagadzirisane Tajura) kuumbwa huru yepasi pemvura mipata anoputika pasi. Ivo svetuka pasi penyika anenge mana metres, apo pane zvishoma nezvishoma vachisimudza pedyo yakabatana matanho ari zana - metres ane zana namakumi mashanu nerimwe. vagadzirisane Izvi muGungwa Dzvuku, uye munzvimbo dzakawanda nzvimbo Mid-Atlantic Ridge. makomo Oceanic kwakadaro anokura zvishoma nezvishoma, masendimita akawanda pagore.

At kumhanya kuparadzira neeSultan (kunyanya muchinjikwa-muchikamu) ndeinotevera: nechepakati vachisimudza hafu kiromita uye pamusoro huru ruyamuro yakashongedzwa kuputika cheni. Kwakadaro, somuenzaniso, East Pacific Simuka. Pano mupata haana nguva kuumbika, uye mwero zvibereko goko paNyika mugungwa chaizvo - 18-20 masendimita pagore. Saka zviri nyore kuona kuti zera uye evaMedhia muhomba.

A rakasiyana Fani - "Black vanosvuta"

Tectonic mamiriro evaMedhia muhomba akabvumira kuoneka anonakidza chinoshamisa zvakadai hunhu se "uchisvuta dema". Hot dhaka rinopisa penyanza mvura madhigirii matatu namakumi mashanu. The mvura wakapiwa chikepe, kana paiva nechipingamupinyi yakadai incredible yomugungwa nevezera makiromita akawanda gobvu.

Lava anotakura zvakasiyana kemikari, izvo urwa mumvura, kubudikidza kuita kuumbika sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid, akavapindurawo, urwa zvicherwa zvakawanda vakamhanyira dhaka, interacts navo nokuumba sarufa yeimwe simbi (sulfides).

The precipitate wavo rikawira cône kureba anenge makumi manomwe metres, mukati iyo zvose zviri pamusoro apa siyana mberi. Top cône simukai incandescent sulphide mhinduro uye kuda anoona makore matema.

Very zvikuru. Zvisinei, kumira. The dzinonakidza zvikuru ndechokuti zvakavanzika uye kupfuura tichishingaira chikamu chimwe nechimwe cône ndiko nemazana mazhinji mamita dzakakwirira. Uye kure kumusoro Ostankino shongwe somuenzaniso. Kana pasikweya vakawanda, zvinoita sekuti hapana basa pachivande (uye pemvura) chakavanzika chirimwa. Kakawanda zvinowanika mumapoka.

Central Range pamusoro Kamchatka

The vaiongorora Peninsula iri rakasiyana. The wemakomo eJudhiya, inova Watershed akatevedzana ari pamusoro Kamchatka Peninsula - Central Range. Its kureba 1200 km anomhanyira kubva kuchamhembe kusvika kumaodzanyemba, uye vachiita akawandisa anoputika - dzakawanda thyroid uye stratovolcanoes. Zviri ipapo uye enyika dhaka, uye dzimwe neeSultan gomo uye yoga twi akafukidzwa mazizaya husingaperi. It anomira zvakajeka zvikuru Bystrinsky, Kozyrevsky Malkinskiy anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri.

The yakakwirira - 3621 mamita - Ichinsky. Vanenge anoyera nayo anoputika zhinji: Alna, Khuvkhoitun, Shishelov, yakakomba ingabatanidza Sopka. The muhomba rinoumbwa maviri vasere pemipata gumi uye Nhongonya, akawanda zviri kuchamhembe zvekutepfenyura. The chinokosha ane rebei pakati kumusoro, kumaodzanyemba chikamu - yakakwirira ruggedness pamusoro asymmetric arrays.

EvaMedhia tectonic mamiriro Kamchatka muhomba kuumbwa panguva kwenguva refu kusakarongeka Kudeuka lithospheric ndiro - Pacific, Kula, Eurasian uye North America.