Fomura amoniya. Ammonium hydroxide - aqueous amoniya

Amoniya - rehydrogen nitride - chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha yeimwe ose senitrogen uye rehydrogen. gasi ichi pasina ruvara asi ane kunzwa zvakanaka. Makemikari anoumba kunoratidza amoniya payakavakirwa - NH _3. The kumanikidzwa kuwedzera kana kudzikisa tembiricha mashoko kunotungamirira kwayo wokuva Hauoneki zvokunwa. Amoniya gasi uye ayo mhinduro dziri zvinowanzoshandiswa bhizimisi uye kurima. The mushonga rinoshandiswa 10% Ammonium hydroxide - amoniya.

The nemamiriro Morekuru. Electronic amoniya fomura

A rehydrogen Morekuru nitride iri yakaita chepiramidhi, mujinga uko senitrogen waakaita kuti rehydrogen maatomu matatu. N-H chisungo iri inobudisa zvakasimba. Nitrogen uchifarira kunyorerana Erekitironi peya zvakasimba. Naizvozvo, munhu akaipa nokuchengeta rinoungana pamusoro N maatomu, zvakanaka - vakaomerera rehydrogen. Kunzwisisa izvi zvinopa muenzaniso Morekuru, yemagetsi uye STRUCTURAL yokuita amoniya.

Nitride rehydrogen zvikuru soluble nemvura (700: 1 pa 20 ° C). Kuva substantially vakasununguka protons kunotungamirira kuti paumbwe vakawanda rehydrogen "mabhiriji" kuti batanidza pakati morekuru. Zvakakurukurwa marongerwo uye zvemakemikari chisungo kutungamirira chokuti amoniya iri nyore liquefied nokuwedzera muedzo kana achideredza tembiricha (-33 ° C).

Origin of zita

Shoko rokuti "amoniya" wakatangwa kune zvedzidzo nharaunda 1801 panguva pfungwa yeRussian kemisiti Ya Zakharova, asi fuma yaizivikanwa vanhu kubva kare. Gas ane kunzwa zvakanaka akabudiswa munguva kuora kuti tsvina vazhinji Organic yeimwe, semuenzaniso, mapuroteni uye urea ari manyowa pamusoro Ammonium munyu. Historians wekemisitiri vanodavira kuti nefuma ainzi pashure mwari yekare Egyptian yaAmun. Siwa (vaAmoni) chiri oasis kuNorth Africa. Zvakapoteredzwa murenje Libyan matongo eguta rekare uye temberi, pedyo izvo pane deposits pakati Ammonium chloride. Izvi fuma muEurope, rinonzi "munyu vaAmoni." It akachengetedzwa tsika kuti vagari oasis pakati Siwa yakafunga munyu mutemberi.

rehydrogen nitride

Chirungu kemisiti uye yefizikisi R. Boyle mu kuedza vakapisa ichibatirira vakachengeta paumbwe chena kweutsi swab dzichinyikwa hydrochloric asidhi uye zvichiguma chakaunzwa ari kutyaira negasi. Muna 1774, mumwe kemisiti British J. Priestley zvakafadza Ammonium chloride pamwe slaked madota uye gaseous dzinounzwa. Priestley akadana remubatanidzwa "mhepo alkaline", nokuti ayo mhinduro ehupfumi akaratidza simba nechimwe. Vakagamuchira tsananguro ruzivo Boyle, sezvamakaropafadzwa amoniya iri vakaita pamwe hydrochloric acid. Solid Ammonium chloride chena kunoitika pamusoro kuonana zviri reactants mamorekuru mudenga.

Chemical yokuita amoniya wakaiswa pa 1875 K. Berthollet kubudikidza wokuFrance vakaperekedza kumwe kuedza pamusoro manyowa pane zvinhu kupinda kwayo constituent zvinoriumba kubudikidza yemagetsi buditsa. Kusvikira zvino, kuedza Priestley, Boyle Berthollet uye tinobereka murabhoritari kubereka rehydrogen nitride uye Ammonium chloride. Industrial nzira yakatanga muna 1901 na H. Le Chatelier, akatambira mvumo kuti nzira kwetunhu imwe pfuma yose senitrogen uye rehydrogen.

A mhinduro kubva amoniya. Fomura uye zvivako

The aqueous amoniya inotoda yemanyorero akanyorwa muchimiro hydroxide - NH ₄ OH. Iye akaratidza kuti ehupfumi ane simba alkali:

• dissociates kupinda ions NH ₃ + H ₂ O = NH ₄ OH = NH ₄ ^{+ +} OH ^_-;
• phenolphthalein mhinduro echitema ari tsvuku;
• iri vakaita ane asidhi chokuumba munyu uye mvura;
• precipitates Cũ (OH) ₂ sezvo yebhuruu inopenya fuma kana hwakakanyiwa soluble munyu emhangura.

The zvakanyatsoenzana mune zvakaitwa amoniya nemvura kudyidzana iri misha kune pokutangira zvinhu. Preheated rehydrogen nitride anopisa zvakanaka oxygen. It kunoitika senitrogen oxidation kune diatomic mamorekuru nyore fuma N2. Kwomuviri uyewo akaratidza amoniya ari maitiro nendarira oxide (II).

Meaning of amoniya uye negadziriso

Nitride rehydrogen zvaishandiswa pakugadzira Ammonium munyu uye nitric asidhi - mumwe mikuru zvibereko makemikari indasitiri. Amoniya ndiyo yakatsvuka mashoko pasoda (sezvo nitrate nzira). Rehydrogen kugutsikana nitride industrially kuramba mhinduro rinosvika 25%. Mune zvokurima, shandisa aqueous amoniya. Formula mvura fetiraiza - NH ₄ OH. The fuma rinoshandiswa zvakananga sechinhu pamusoro kupfeka. Dzimwe nzira vapfume senitrogen ivhu - kushandisa munyu pamusoro Ammonium nitrates, chlorides, phosphates. In maindasitiri runyararo uye munzvimbo okurima haisi varumbidzwa pandingaunganidzira pamwe fetiraiza ane Ammonium munyu pamwe alkalis. Kana breakage kavha zvinhu zvinogona sei nemumwe kuumbika amoniya uye kusunungura icho mumhepo dzezvimwe. Hunokachidza remubatanidzwa kwakakanganisa kunokanganisa kufema hurongwa, musimboti tsinga. The musanganiswa amoniya pamwe mhepo, ndiko putika.