Chii Morphology zvigare?

The Morphology of tusingaoneki - ndiye nesayenzi nehanya kudzidza chimiro chavo, mamiriro, nzira kubereka uye sangano.

Kunyatsogona uye kuwanikidza

sainzi Izvi zvikuru kwazvo uye yave kudzidza nyaya dzakawanda. Pasinei chokwadi kuti zvigare vose usingaonekwi vanhu ziso, ivo iriko uye zvose "akanaka" nokuti muviri uyewo vakaipa.

Utachiona vanogona kuwanikwa zvose nzvimbo kuratidzwa upenyu: mvura, ivhu, mhepo, uye nezvimwe zvinhu.

First akaziva utachiona Leeuwenhoek akakurumbira musayendisiti mubasa pagadzirwe wokutanga izvo, vachibvumira zvinhu kuwedzera kusvika mazana maviri nguva. Uye chii Zvaakaona kushamiswa naye zvachose. Scientist akaziva kuti utachiona vari kwose kwose uye vose vakasiyana mumwe. Saka, Leeuwenhoek akanga akawana tusingaoneki.

Louis Pasteur akatanga kudzidza mubvunzo uyu, sezvo Morphology zvigare, uye vakawana kuti varege chete akasiyana yakarongeka uye chimiro, asi dzakasiyana uye rwokufamba kubereka. Akawana kuti vamwe tusingaoneki dzinokanganisa kuti muviri womunhu, uye vamwe, nekusiyana, zvinobatsira. Naiyewo vakaona kuti tupukanana akadai mbiriso, kungaita kuti chinovira kwendangariro.

The Morphology ezvinhu zvipenyu akabvumira masayendisiti akawanda kugadzira zvakasiyana mushonga kubatsira kukunda zvirwere zvinouraya dzevanhu.

kupatsanura

Tusingaoneki vanoonekwa vamiririri duku mupenyu Panyika. Kakawanda, vane unicellular, uye funga navo chete maikorosikopu simba chaizvo.

chimiro ichi upenyu saizi unotaurwa micrometers uye nanometers. Zvakasikwa, vakawana guru mari, saka vane Misiyano marongerwo, nzira kuvapo uye sangano.

Maererano hwakagadzwa kupatsanura, mabhakitiriya akakamurwa acellular, unicellular uye zvipuka zvine masero akawanda. Panguva iyoyo vari akakamurwa muzvikamu zvakadai: notumwe, yeasts, phages, mabhakitiriya uye wanda.

A zvishoma pamusoro utachiona

Kudzidza misoro yakadai Morphology zvigare, kuteerera zvikuru zvinofanira kubhadharwa kuti utachiona. Kakawanda, ivo zvinenge chete-celled (kunyange pane kunze) uye vane zvikuru akasiyana-siyana hukuru. Vamwe vavo vane 500 micrometers.

Kune mhando inoverengeka utachiona zvisingapindirani dzavo chimiro. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira tsvimbo-zvakaumbwa, bhora serin'i uye crimped zvinenge. Ngatikurukurei chimwe nechimwe mhando.

Idenderedzwa utachiona mukurapa vanonzi "cocci". Kakawanda vava kumativi chimiro, kunyange dzimwe nguva pane denderedzwa, bhinzi serin'i tusingaoneki. Vanogona kuva iri kwete nomumwe chete asiwo vaviri vaviri, muchimiro nengetani kana mizambiringa.

Vazhinji vavo vane inokanganisa dzemuviri. Somuenzaniso, streptococci kukonzera Kurwara, uye staphylococci vane basa paumbwe purulent uye anogumbura kwendangariro.

Utachiona-zvakaumbwa tsotso, ndivo rakajairika. Ava tusingaoneki kuti kukonzera tibhii, sefivha, nemanyoka.

Dzimwe mhando tsvimbo pasi ezvinhu akaipa zvakatipoteredza, anoumba spores. utachiona kwakadaro inonzi bacillus.

Spore inotungamirwa - munhu anonakidza uye yakaoma muitiro, nekuti sero rwevanodzvinyirira ichi mhando yakasiyana chaizvo kubva vanhuwo bacilli. Mumwe nharo ane gobvu uye rakasimba Kamudzira, apo kuva kunyora nezvavo yakawanda mvura. Sero Izvi hakudi zvinovaka muviri, wafa kufamba uye tinobereka. Muhondo iyi inogona kuva mumamiriro upenyu zvinhu, zvakadai kukwirira kana yakaderera tembiricha. Asi mangoti kunouya kwavari yakanaka mamiriro, vakabva vanotanga zvokurarama nazvo zvavo.

Zvakamonyana utachiona kunowanzoitwa inowanikwa muchimiro koma kana curls. Kazhinji, tusingaoneki izvi zvinokonzera zvirwere zvakadai njovhera uye korera.

utachiona zhinji vanokwanisa kufamba famba, uye vanoita kudaro tichibatsirwa flagella dzakasiyana zvitarisiko uye yakareba.

Utachiona zviwande kubudikidza kukamuka. Izvi ndizvo tichitsanya chaizvo (ose gumi namashanu maviri maminitsi). Most kuwanda chinogona kuoneka zvokudya uye yakasiyana ezvinhu, iro rine yakakwirira muviri ukoshi.

nemavhairasi

Nemavhairasi zvinogona kunzi imwe boka zvinenge zvisina vane cellular yakarongeka. Izvi upenyu siyana vari vashomashoma, saka vanogona kuonekwa chete nomunhu Erekitironi maikorosikopu. Dzimwe mhando nemavhairasi vanogona chete panofanira mapuroteni uye nucleic acids.

Munhu wese kanenge kamwe muupenyu hwake watarisana zvirwere zvinokonzerwa tusingaoneki izvi. Izvi zvinosanganisira yokuSpain, hepatitis, gwirikwiti nezvimwe zvirwere zvakawanda.

howa

Ichi boka zvigare kuri chinokosha. Howa havana chlorophyll muna nziyo, uye haaiti kwetunhu Organic zvinhu. Vanofanira kuva vakagadzirira-akaita chikafu zvigadzirwa. Ndokusaka notumwe kazhinji inogona kuwanika rakaorera nevhu kana zvinhu zvokudya.

Mushroom dzinoratidzwa yakasiyana maberekero nzira. Izvi zvinosanganisira kwete nzira pabonde uye asexual chete, asiwo vegetatively.

mbiriso

Yeasts vari zvinenge chete-celled wakaiswa, ane zvikuru siyana chimiro. Kune vose kunhivi uye denderedzwa nemifananidzo, uye tsvimbo uye rinopinza.

mhando iyi zvigare zviri rinoparadzirwa. Vanogona kuwanika zvinomera muvhu, uyewo zvokudya, izvo zvino kuipa. Vamwe vanokwanisa kutendeutsa shuga kupinda carbon dioxide inobvisa uye doro. Izvi zvinonzi chinovira. Ari kudiwa zvikuru zvokudya indasitiri.

Morphology zvigare: kwemabhakitiriya

It kusvetuka kuti utachiona - mufananidzo woupenyu akazviratidza pasi redu pakutanga. Dzinonyanya chinhu ndiyo sero mamiriro. Kusiyana eukaryotes (masero ane moyo), prokaryotes (utachiona) dzisina nuclei.

tusingaoneki izvi zvinowanika siyana muupenyu uye kuva zvakananga kukanganisa upenyu hwevanhu uyewo.

Masayendisiti patsanura utachiona ndiwo panheyo utility. Kune anobatsira uye kunokuvadza mhuka. Kubatsira munyaya nedanho photosynthesis, vane kunobatsirawo pamusoro zvomudumbu dzevanhu maitiro, uye kazhinji kushandiswa indasitiri.

Kudzidza tusingaoneki Morphology akapa pfungwa mukuru chokuvapo kwavo, uye anovapa mukana wokudzidza zvakanaka uye pokukuvadza mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana-siyana.

Standard Masero kwemabhakitiriya rinoumbwa yenhengo izvi:

• Plasma membrane. Ichi chinhu Sero hakusi zvakasiyana kubva Kamudzira pamusoro eukaryotes.

• Mesosoma - chimwe chinokosha izvo zvinoita kuti kuisa muchitokisi nhaka zvinhu.

• Nucleotide. Haisi kwakakwana tsanga. Rine ose okutodza.

• Ribosomes - chaizvo organelles, zvinotora inenge makumi mana kubva muzana cellular nzvimbo.

Kunze pamusoro okunze, chikamu masero prokaryotic kunosanganisirawo: mumwe Kamudzira rusvingo uye masero mucous kufukidza. utachiona zhinji vanokwanisa kutamira vakazvimiririra uye kuti munamatire pemvura. Vanoita izvi nokushandisa chinokosha flagella uye villi.

The Morphology zvigare zvidukuduku nemavhairasi, notumwe uye yeasts

Virus - muviri chaiyo, usina cellular marongerwo. Mumwe PARTICIPLE ine wayo goko, uyewo riri pakati pokupedzisira mashoko.

Asi mamiriro Masero notumwe iguru kupfuura mamwe majemusi. The sezvamunoita zvinosanganisira dzavo muchitokisi neerekitironi vacuoles. Maererano mamiriro, vari chaizvo akafanana chirimwa, asi ave akasiyana chimiro. It sokunge refu, branching filaments anonzi hyphae. Yemanyorero hyphae kwakadaro kuumba mycelium.

Masero mbiriso akaumbwa zvose zvezvidzidzo eukaryotes, asi vamwe pane kuti, ivo vari yokusafa uye dzimwe zvinoriumba. kusiyana kwavo iri yokuti vane unhu zvose mhuka uye zvinomera.

muviri

Morphology uye physiology zvigare inobvumira kunzwisisa chikuru nzendo upenyu hwavo. Utachiona saizvozvo sezvo zvikuru kunzwisisa upenyu siyana, kubatana kwetunhu lipids, kwemafuta uye makabhohaidhiretsi. Asi panguva iyoyo urongwa muzvitokisi zvavo zvakasiyana.

Nyanzvi dzinoti nezvemarudzi maviri eukaryotes: autotrophs uye heterotrophs.

Chokutanga mhando anokwanisa kuti synthesize Organic zvinhu kubva inorganic yeimwe, asi pave yechipiri kusanduka dzinotsanagura Organic zvinoriumba.

Kakawanda heterotrophs vari parasitic tusingaoneki. Vakaguta chete tichiregeredza muviri kupinda muviri wehondo yavo.

Panewo saprophytes. Vari chikafu zvinenge akafa synthesized zvinhu.

STRUCTURAL Morphology of tusingaoneki - zviri zvikuru chinokosha kudzidza upenyu utachiona. Zvisinei, kuwedzera kune sero mamiriro uyewo vanofanira kufunga mhando muviri. Dzinovaka mhando yave yakurukurwa pamusoro. Panewo simba exchange.

Nyanzvi dzinoti kwemarudzi aya simba:

• Photosynthesis. nzira iyi inogona kuitwa pamberi okisijeni, uye pasina izvozvo.

• Chinovira. Izvi simba kuita kunoitika nokuda kupatsanurwa mamorekuru kuti phosphoric asidhi iri kune ADP.

• Kufema. Tusingaoneki anogona kufema kwete chete nokuda okisijeni, asiwo Organic uye chicherwa yeimwe.

Kuchinjwa magene mashoko

Pane nzira dzakawanda uchatamisa majini mashoko prokaryotes (Morphology uye taxonomy zvigare vanonziwo munyaya ino). Ngationgororei zvakadzama nomumwe wavo;

• Conjugation - nzira kupararira magene mashoko kubva mumwe muviri mumwe chete wavo zvakananga kuonana;

• Kushandurwa - kutapukirwa mhando, umo vaipa kugoverana mashoko kuagamuchira;

• Transduction - nzira yose zvakananga kuchinjwa enhaka zvinhu achishandisa phages.

Nzira dzokudzidza zvigare Morphology

kushandisa nzira idzodzo kuti kudzidza maumbirwo prokaryotes sezvo microscopy uye staining yakarurama kwazvo.

Nemaziso nzira yokudzidza tusingaoneki Morphology yakabereka nokuda Erekitironi uye chiedza nemaikorosikopu. Nyanzvi vakava nzira dzakawanda kuwana yakarurama kwazvo zvabuda.

Morphological kudzidza nzira inoita maikorosikopu kudzokorora nemamiriro masero, uyewo yaro mufambo uye kukwanisa bereka.

Vasiri nzira kunoita kuti funga maitiro zvigare mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira siyana, uyewo kukwanisa ajairane ezvinhu akasiyana-siyana.

With tsika nzira inogona kuitwa ongororo yacho microorganism mune imwe inotonhorera svikiro. Nzira iyi inobvumira kuti kuziva tichikwanisa kukura uye kubereka.

Morphology zvigare (zvidukuduku) - iri sayenzi inokosha chaizvo kuti inodzidza utachiona uye zvimwe chete-celled. Musafunga kuti chete utachiona kuti kukuvadza nechisikirwo uye muviri womunhu. Ngazvisadaro. Pasina kwavari, upenyu Panyika zvaisazobvira.