Kunyatsoshanda kupisa injini. Engine chafariz kunyatsoshanda - the fomura nokuda Pakusarudza

Basa marudzi michina zhinji inechirevo chinokosha mufananidzo dzakadai kunyatsoshanda kupisa injini. Mainjiniya ose gore vanotsvaka kuumba mamwe yepamusoro nzira kuti nezvishoma huni kuti kupa migumisiro yakanakisisa inobva kurishandisa.

chafariz injini midziyo

Usati kunzwisisa chii kuti kunyatsoshanda (kunyatsoshanda), unofanira kunzwisisa kuti mashandiro azvinoita. Pasina ruzivo nenhungamiro huchishanda havagoni edza hunhu chinoratidza ichi. Heat Injini ndiwo mudziyo anoita basa kuburikidza kushandiswa munyika simba. Chero kupisa Injini iyo vatendeuki chafariz simba kune zvemaziso, chafariz rokuwedzera zvakashandiswa pana kukwira. Yakasimba-Hurumende hurongwa havagoni chete kushandura Vhoriyamu fuma, asi chimiro muviri. Zvinoitwa injini akadaro pasi mitemo wethermodynamics.

musimboti oparesheni

Kuti tinzwisise sei anoita kupisa injini, zvakakodzera kufunga hwaro zvakagadzirwa kwayo. Nokuti mashandiro ari mudziyo zvinoda miviri maviri: hot (hita) uye kuchitonhora (firiji, chiller). Nheyo nokushanda kupisa injini (kunyatsoshanda nokupisa injini) kunobva adzo. Kazhinji, firiji anoshanda mhute condenser uye hita - chero mhando mafuta unopfuta muchoto. The kunyatsoshanda kuti dzakanakira kupisa injini ndiko mutoo:

Kunyatsoshanda = (Tnagrev -.. Tholod) / Tnagrev. X 100%.

Panyaya iyi, chaicho chinonzi motor kunyatsoshanda anogona kumbobvira kusapfuudza kukosha vakawana maererano mutoo uyu. Uyewo, nhamba iyi haazombofi kusapfuudza pamusoro tsika. Kuti uvandudze kunyatsoshanda, kakawanda kuwedzera uye kuderera tembiricha iri hita kudziya mufiriji. Vaviri azvaiitwa achatungamirira chaiko ezvinhu midziyo.

Kunyatsoshanda kupisa Injini (fomura)

In mashandiro, kupisa injini mashandiro kunoitika, sezvo iyo gasi rinotanga kurasikirwa simba uye dzaserera kune imwe tembiricha. Ekupedzisira iri kazhinji madhigirii shoma kupfuura yakapoteredza mhepo. Izvi tembiricha unotonhorera. zano rinokosha kwakadaro akagadzirirwa kuti kutonhora kwaizotevera condensation yacho chiutsi chiutsi. Apo pane capacitors, dzimwe nguva mufiriji tembiricha pazasi ambient tembiricha.

Kupisa Injini muviri muchidziisa uye kuwedzera haisi kukwanisa kutumira zvose zvayo womukati simba kuita basa. Vamwe kupisa achapiwa zvaitambidzwa mufiriji pamwe chiutsi magasi kana chiutsi. Chikamu ichi kupisa pamusoro womukati simba iri kunotozongoita akarasika. The kushanda Urume panguva combustion peturu nokuda hita awana mumwe kwazvo kupisa Q _1. Saka anoita rimwe basa A, umo transmits chikamu mufiriji nokupisa: Q ₂ 1.

Engine kunyatsoshanda inechirevo kunyatsoshanda mune simba kutendeuka uye hutachiwana. chakarurama iri kazhinji kunoonekwa sechinhu chikamu. Kunyatsoshanda fomura:

η * A / Qx100%, apo Q - rakadini simba, uye - yaibatsira basa.

Zvichienderana nemurairo kuchengetedza simba, tinogona kugumisa kuti unyatsoshandisa nguva shoma pane kubatana. Nemamwe mashoko, basa rakanaka haazombofi kupfuura zvaida simba.

Engine kunyatsoshanda - nhamba anobatsira simba kuti basa kushumwa pedyo hita. Inogona achimiririrwa nzira:

η = (Q ₁ -Q ₂₎ / Q ₁ sezvamakaropafadzwa Q ₁ - kupisa akagamuchira kubva hita, uye Q ₂ - kupa mufiriji.

Work kupisa injini

The rinoitwa kupisa injini, rinowanikwa ne nzira:

A = | Q _H | - | Q _X |, apo A - basa, Q _H - yakawanda kupisa akagamuchira kubva hita, Q _X - yakawanda kupisa wakapiwa kure unotonhorera.

Kunyatsoshanda kupisa Injini (fomura):

| Q _H | _{- | Q X |) / |} Q H | = 1 _{- | Q X | / | Q} H |

Ndiye nhamba basa rinoita kuti injini kuti uwandu kupisa anobudiswa. Part of chafariz simba akarasika panguva chinja ichi.

Carnot injini

The kunonyanyisa kunyatsoshanda pamusoro chafariz injini iri kuchengetwa ari mudziyo Carnot. Izvi imhaka yokuti ino tinofanira chete pamusoro mhedziso tembiricha iri hita (TH) uye kutonhora (TX). Kunyatsoshanda kupisa Injini kushanda maererano ari Carnot kutenderera vagara vandifungira zvinotevera payakavakirwa:

(TN - TX) / TN = - TX - TN.

Mitemo wethermodynamics kuverenga kubvumirwa kunonyanyisa kunyatsoshanda, inova zvinobvira. Kokutanga nhamba iyi inofungidzirwa musayendisiti French uye injiniya Sadi Carnot. Iye tega ari kupisa injini, izvo wakashanda kubudikidza dzakanakira gasi. Anoshanda ari kutenderera 2 isotherms uye 2 rinopisa. Akunoita zviri nyore: kuti mudziyo ine gasi hita ari kusvitsa munhu kuonana, saka kuti kushanda Urume anowedzera isothermally. Muchiitiko ichi nayo inoshanda uye Achapiwa imwe mari kupisa. Pashure mudziyo putira. Pasinei neizvi, gasi kuramba richikura, asi adiabatically (pasina kupisa exchange zvakatipoteredza). Panguva ino, tembiricha kwayo zvinoderedza kusvika mufiriji unongotaura. Panguva ino gasi ari kushanyirwa ane condenser, apo rinopa mumwe yakawanda kupisa munguva Isometric marwadzo. Zvadaro putira ngarava zvakare. Kana gasi iri adiabatically compressed kune hwepakutanga uye vhoriyamu.

mhando

Mazuvano kune mhando dzakawanda kupisa injini kuti ushande nemitemo siyana uye rinochiwedzera siyana. Vose vane kunyatsoshanda zvavo. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvinotevera:

• ane womukati injini (pisitoni), ndicho mashandiro unopfuta mugove mafuta kwemakemikari simba iri apo dzikwanise zvokuimba simba. mano kwakadaro kunogona kuva gasi uye mvura. Kusiyanisa 2- uye 4-nesitiroko injini. Vanogona kuva basa kutenderera dzamarudzi kuvhiyiwa. In Fananidzo kuti kugadzirira kwakadaro mafuta wemisanganiswa vari carbureted injini (pamwe zvokunze muvhenganiswa inotungamirwa) uye Diesel (zvemukati). By mhando simba convert vari rakakamurwa pisitoni, ndege, turbine uye vasanganiswa. The kunyatsoshanda kuti michina yakadaro hakurevi kusapfuudza nangananga 0.5.

• Stirling injini - zano ine kushanda Urume ari muchisungwazve nzvimbo. Zviri mhando nechitarisiko injini. Nheyo huchishanda kunobva kutonhora kwenguva nenguva / kudziyisa muviri kune simba zvibereko nokuda kwenzwi kwayo. Ichi chimwe chezvinhu nyatsoshanda injini.

• turbine (muhombe) injini ine zvokunze combustion peturu. zvirimwa akadaro rakajairika chafariz simba paredhiyo.

• The turbine (rotor), dzomunyika injini inoshandiswa chafariz simba zvinomera zviri yepamusoro nzira. Kwete chaizvo nevakawanda sezvo vamwe.

• Turbinovintovoy injini nokuda zvimwe screws pave huru. Vamwe iye anogamuchira nokuda chiutsi magasi. Chimiro Its ari muhombe injini (gasi turbine), nomubato iyo achawisirwa hwindimiri.

Mamwe kupisa injini

• Chombo, turbojet uye ndege michini, izvo vakawana chebasa nokuda kwechirwere chiutsi magasi.

• Solid-hurumende Zvifambiso anoshandiswa sezvo yakasimba mafuta. In oparesheni, hazvina kushandura inzwi rayo, uye chimiro. Kana kunoshandisa michina inoshandiswa zvikuru duku tembiricha musiyano.

Sezvo anogona kuwedzera kunyatsoshanda

Kana kuwedzera kunyatsoshanda ane kupisa injini zvinobvira? Mhinduro inofanira kutsvaka mu wethermodynamics. It inodzidza yakawiriranwa kuchinja rakasiyana-siyana simba. It hwakagadzwa kuti hazvibviri kutendeutsa ose anowanika chafariz simba mune magetsi, zvemaziso uye m. N. For ichi rokutendeutsa vave kupisa kunoitika pasina chinhu kurambidzwa. Izvi zvinogoneka nokuti kuti hunhu chafariz simba inobva disordered (runobva) inofamba kuti inoramba.

Akasimba muviri kudziyirwa kumusoro, saka kuchaita kwayo chinoumba mamorekuru nokukurumidza. The Vapikisi vane nezvimedu uchanyatsotsunga sechisina musoro. Pamwe izvi, vose vanoziva kuti murayiro inogona nyore dzikava munyonganyonga, riri nyore chaizvo kuronga.