Inotungamirwa, Nyaya
Five-Year Plan muSoviet Union: netafura, makore, mukuru rokuvaka. Socialist kwemaindasitiri
Kuenzanisa kare uye chipo unodiwa kuvandudza remangwana, hazvina chinodiwa kusazvidzokorora zvikanganiso madzitateguru. USSR - aimbova simba superpower vnosshaya pane imwe nguva mupiro chikuru kuti kukura kwenzanga. Imwe oupenyu vagari eSoviet akanga yemakore mashanu. Maererano migumisiro dzavo, kare kutonga kwemaindasitiri nyika, enzanisa nebudiriro kare uye chipo, kuti muzive kuti zvigadzirwa kure rabva zera redu uye chii zvichiri chakakodzera kuvavarira. Saka, nyaya ino - urongwa-gore mashanu USSR. The tafura pazasi kuchabatsira Mamiriro Ebhuku nezivo nenzira inonzwisisika kuti.
First Five-Year (1928-1932)
Saka, 1 urongwa-gore mashanu atanga muzita gutsaruzhinji. Country mushure Revolution chinodiwa kwemaindasitiri, kuitira kuti varambe vachifambirana masimba zvichiita European. Uyezve, chete achishandisa kumanikidzwa maindasitiri vachikwanisa-kuvaka zvaigoneka wokubatanidza nyika uye kuunza Soviet Union kuti kuvandudza muchiuto, uyewo simudza padanho zvokurima munyika yakakura. Maererano hurumende, dzaida zvakaoma uye kwakakwana urongwa.
Saka, mukuru chinangwa chaiva maximize rechiuto buildup nokukurumidza.
The chikuru mabasa wokutanga urongwa-gore mashanu
Panguva XIV Congress of CPSU (b), pakupera 1925, Stalin akaratidza pfungwa yokuti unofanira kuchinja USSR kubva nyika importing zvombo uye midziyo kupinza kunyika, iyo pachayo zvose unogona kubereka uye wedzerai mamwe anoti. Chokwadi, pane vanhu vakaratidza kuchitsigira kutsutsumwa, asi ruzhinji pfungwa, akanga akaora mwoyo. Stalin kufarira chokwadi kuti makore mashanu okutanga kuunza nyika kupinda kutungamirira nokuisa munzvimbo yokutanga kugadzirwa simbi. Saka, pfungwa kwemaindasitiri raizoitirwa muna 4 mumatanho:
- Motokari kwezvivako mutsidziro.
- Kuwedzera maindasitiri chokuita kugadzirwa nezvinhu uye waibudirira.
- Redistribution kuti emakambani ehurumende ari mundima.
- Yekupindurwa simba zvakaoma.
All mana muitiro havasi rave, uye pebhanhire zvakanyatsobatana. Saka vakatanga chirongwa kwemaindasitiri nyika 1-gore mashanu.
pfungwa All kuunza upenyu vasingagoni Zvisinei, rinorema indasitiri Kugadzirwa yakawedzera kusvika 3 nguva, uye ouinjiniya - ka20. Sezvingatarisirwa, yakadaro kubudirira pakapera chirongwa kwakavadzungairisa zvikuru zvakasikwa zvinodikamwa hurumende. Chokwadi, zvakaoma kuti vanhu vakapiwa yokutanga kuronga kwemakore mashanu USSR. A tafura nemigumisiro chekutanga izvi kwaizoratidzwa huri zvinotevera mashoko ari sirogani kana musoro wenyaya muchikamu: "Chinhu chikuru - kutanga!"
Panguva ino pane vazhinji vanopinza mapepa anoratidza chinangwa chikuru uye kuzivikanwa Soviet vanhu.
Major okuvaka panguva iyoyo vaiva marasha mumigodhi Donbass uye Kuzbass, Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Combine. Izvi akabvumira kuti awane mari rusununguko of USSR. Dzepamusorosoro chivakwa - nayo Dnieper. Year 1932 ndipo kwakaratidzwa kwete chete kuguma rokutanga urongwa-gore mashanu, asi zvikurukuru rinorema kuvaka indasitiri.
New nesimba kusvetuka uye miganhu kunosimbisa chinzvimbo chayo mu Europe.
Five-Year Plan nhamba mbiri (1933-1937)
Second Five-Year Plan padunhu yeChina ainzi "urongwa-gore mashanu collectivization" kana "voruzhinji." Chakazobvumwa neDare VII Congress of CPSU (b). Pashure rinorema indasitiri nyika hunodiwa zvoupfumi. Hazvina bhora ichi, uye rava huru chinangwa rechipiri urongwa-gore mashanu.
The chikuru mirayiridzo rechipiri shanu
Mauto huru uye mari hurumende pakutanga "hurongwa collectivization-gore mashanu" kunge rinotarisa pakuvaka metallurgia zvirimwa. Paiva Ural-Kuzbass, regai wokutanga Dnieper ano. Nyika haina lag mumashure mberi kwesayenzi. Saka, rechipiri yemakore mashanu akacherekedza kumhara rokutanga panguva North Pole rwendo Papanin akazviratidza polar chiteshi SP-1. Nokushingaira kuvaka pevhu.
Panguva ino, pane kusimbisa kukuru pakuiswa musi mugovanisi makwikwi pakati vashandi. The yakakurumbira muridzi wengoma Five-Year Plan - Aleksey Stahanov. Muna 1935 Akaisa chinyorwa itsva muchimhanya chete iya zvazvingava 14 kusuduruka.
Third Five-Year (1938-1942)
Kutanga wechitatu yemakore mashanu pakataurwa sirogani: "! Kubata uye kupfuura kugadzirwa chete capita pakati dzakabudirira capitalist nyika" The chikuru kuedza hurumende vakanga zvainanga achiwedzera munyika kudzivirira, uyewo ari makore mashanu okutanga, nekuti izvo vakatambura kugadzirwa midziyo zvavo kushandisa.
Directions Third Five-Year Plan
Pakazotanga 1941, kusvika hafu (43%), munyika wakasvika kurera pachiyero rinorema indasitiri. Pausiku hondo muna USSR, ari Urals uye Siberia kukura nokukurumidza mafuta uye simba chawo. Zvakakodzera kuti hurumende yakanga kwezvisikwa "Baku rechipiri" - itsva nzvimbo inoshandiswa mafuta, iyo aifanira kuitika pakati Volga uye Urals.
Cherechedzai rwakabhadharwa kuna tangi, ndege nezvimwewo zvirimwa ichi mhando. Sezvineiwo zvakawedzera padanho pakuburitswa zvombo uye atirari anoshongwa. Zvisinei, Maoko USSR achiri lagged shure kumavirira, kunyanya kubva German, asi nyaya pakubhadhara matsva zvombo havasi kumhanya-mhanya, kunyange mwedzi hondo yokutanga.
Wechina Five-Year (1946-1950)
Pashure pehondo, nyika dzose vaitofanira ndiponesezve kugadzirwa dzavo uye upfumi, asi USSR akabudirira zvaitwa zvinenge chose mukupera 40s parakatanga wechina nguva. Five-Year Plan haina zvaireva uto buildup, sapakutanga, asi kumutsidzirwa vakarasika munyaya zvose zvoupenyu paruzhinji munguva yehondo.
The chikuru nebudiriro rechina urongwa-gore mashanu
Makore maviri kwave kubudirira chete pamwero maindasitiri kugadzira, izvo pamberi hondo, pasinei nokuti anoronga kuti rechipiri uye rechitatu urongwa-gore mashanu kuisa mberi yakaoma uchishandisa mitemo. Muna 1950, chikuru kugadzirwa mari akadzokera pachiyero 1940. Kana yemakore mashanu rapera 4, indasitiri akakura nevanhu 41% uye kuvakwa kwezvivako - 141%.
Kuti kuzodzosera kupinda Dnieper idzva, akadzorerwa ose mumigodhi Donbass. On kuti katsamba pamusoro 4 urongwa-gore mashanu.
Wechishanu Five-Year (1951-1955)
Panguva Rechishanu Five-Year Plan anonyanya mabhomba zvombo, rinowanika kutanga munyika NPP muna Obninsk, uye mangwanani 1953 pambiru musoro wehurumende panzvimbo I. V. Stalina anotora N. S. Hruschov.
kubudirira Major cheshanu Five
Sezvo mutori mukurima yakawedzera kaviri, uye vakawedzera zvemaBhaibheri chigadzirwa (71%), mune zvokurima - 25%. Nokukurumidza, itsva simbi miti dzakavakwa - Caucasian uye Cherepovets. Pazuva rokutanga ubvise iri zvachose kana zvishoma akaita Tsimlyanskaya uye Gorkovskaya HPP. Panoperera rechishanu-gore mashanu sayenzi ndakanzwa pamusoro mabhomba uye rehydrogen mabhomba.
Pakupedzisira, yakanga kutanga kuvakwa Volga-Don gwara uye Omsk oiri, yekudyidzana vakawedzera dziine marasha migodhi. Uye mamiriyoni 12.5 hectares nyika itsva mapinda wechiGeorgian.
Rechitanhatu Five-Year (1956-1960)
Anopfuura 2 500 akaitwa kupfuura yakatanga kushanda, kana rechitanhatu urongwa-gore mashanu. Panopera kwayo, muna 1959, zvakatanga yakafanana urongwa-gore nomwe. National mari yakawedzera 50%. Investments iyi nekaviri zvakare, izvo zvakazoita rakakura kukura chiedza indasitiri.
The chikuru nebudiriro yeChitanhatu Five-Year Plan
Gross goho kuti bhizimisi uye waibudirira kwakawedzera neinopfuura 60%. Vakanga vapedza Gorky, ari Volga, Kuibyshev uye Irkutsk HPP. Pakazopera kwehurongwa-gore mashanu akavaka munyika chikuru worsted chigayo muna Ivanovo. In Kazakhstan, zvakatanga kushingaira kusimudzira mhandara dzose. The Soviet Union pakupedzisira vane yenyukireya chombo nhovo.
yokutanga kwomwedzi munyika raparurwa October 4, 1957. Nakisisa Kuedza kuva inorema indasitiri. Zvisinei, vakawanda vakanga kukundikana, hurumende akaronga zano-gore manomwe, izvo zvinosanganisira wechinomwe urongwa-gore mashanu uye wokupedzisira wechitanhatu maviri apfuura.
Wechinomwe Five-Year (1961-1965)
Sezvaunoziva, muna April 1961 okutanga vanhu munyika nendege muchadenga. Chiitiko ichi chakaratidza kutanga wechinomwe urongwa-gore mashanu. National mari richikura pamusoro mashanu akatevera, kuwedzera nokuda vanenge 60%. The pamwero zvakakomba maindasitiri goho yakawedzera 83%, kurima - 15%.
By mid-1965 Soviet Union akatora yepamusoro nzvimbo pamusoro marasha uye simbi mhangura uyewo kugadzirwa esimende, riri hazvishamisi. Nyika ichiri achishingaira dzakabudirira rinorema bhizimisi uye kuvakwa indasitiri, guta akakura ari ake, uye kuti muzvivako simba vanoda simende.
Worusere Five-Year Plan (1966-1970)
urongwa-gore mashanu zvaisareva kugadzirwa zvinhu uye kuvakwa kwezvivako zvitsva uye mafekitari. Cities kuramba richikura. Nokuti yapurezidhendi anouya L. I. Brezhnev. Mumakore aya makore mashanu, pane nhepfenyuro dzakawanda pevhu, kuWest-Siberian uye kuKaraganda Metallurgical Plant, wokutanga motokari fekitari Vaz (Issue:. 600 zviuru motokari pagore), Krasnoyarsk HPP - chikuru yemapurisa munyika panguva iyoyo.
Active dzimba kuvaka rwakapedza dambudziko obezdolivaniya (Zvisaririra hondo achiri chakadzokororwa mumaguta makuru). Pakupera 1969 anopfuura mamiriyoni 5 vagari vakagamuchira itsva dzokugara. Mushure ndege Yu. A. Gagarina muchadenga nezvenyeredzi kwakaita hombe munogodorerei mberi, gororo wokutanga, akauya ivhu kubva mwedzi, muchina yakasvika pemvura Venus akasikwa.
Repfumbamwe Five-Year (1971-1975)
Panguva Ninth Five-akavaka dzinopfuura chiuru maindasitiri emakambani, chakakomba Vhoriyamu maindasitiri yezvakaita chigadzirwa yakawedzera 45%, uye kurima - 15%. Vachishingaira kutanga motokari, pakugadzira motokari uye njanji. Investment akaita kupfuura rubles mabhiriyoni 300 pagore.
Kukura mafuta uye gasi inobereka matsime muWestern Siberia kwakakonzera kuvakwa mabhizimisi akawanda, tichigadzira mapaipi. Sezvo nechitarisiko vakawanda miti akura uye ufanane kushanda nevanhu, izvozvo kwairatidzwa chiratidzo "Drummer rechipfumbamwe Five-Year Plan" (zvakaisvonaka basa ravo uye kumabasa).
Wegumi Five-Year (1976-1980)
Vachishingaira vachisimudza National mari uye mumaindasitiri goho vhoriyamu rinotanga kuburuka. Zvino nyika asingadi kuwedzera kukuru mubhizimisi, asi akatsiga kukura mabhora ose indasitiri agara kudiwa.
Oil kugadzirwa yakatsviriridza, saka mapaipi vazhinji kutambanudzira mhiri Western Siberia yakavakwa kwemakore mashanu, apo basa rake kwakasimbiswa mazana zvechitima. Sezvineiwo zvakawedzera uwandu kushanda midziyo: nematarakita anofamba, motokari.
Wegumi Five-Year (1981-1985)
Nokuti Soviet Union akatanga yainetsa chaizvo nguva. All hurumende akanzwa kuuya dambudziko, zvikonzero idzo dzakanga dzakawanda: nechomukati, zvokunze, enyika uye zvoupfumi. Pane imwe nguva zvaiita kuti mamiriro simba, pasina rokuramba gutsaruzhinji, asi hapana izvi zvakagadzirwa. Pamusana dambudziko, vanhu pokugara zveutungamiri of State, vakatsiviwa nokukurumidza chaizvo. Saka, L. I. Brezhnev yakaramba Munyori CPSU kusvikira 10.11.1982, Yu V. Andropov chinzvimbo akabata kusvikira 13.02.1984, K. In .Chernenko -. Kuna 03.10.1985.
It anopfuurira kuva chokufambisa gasi kubva Western kuSiberia kuna Western Europe. Akavaka Mapaipi "Urengoy - Pomary - Uzhgorod" kureba 4500 km kuyambuka Ural Mountains uye mazana nenzizi.
Wegumi Five-Year (1986-1990)
Last Five-Year Plan nokuda USSR. Nokuti nguva yaro, rakanga akaronga kuti pave refu upfumi zano, asi urongwa akaenda neparutivi. Panguva iyoyo, vakawanda vaiva chiratidzo nyundo nemiviri Five-Year: varimi, vashandi uye vanachiremba akaitwa, mainjiniya akaronga ... (uye zvishoma kuzadziswa) kuronga kugadzirwa chiedza indasitiri.
Five-Year Plan of USSR: pfupiso tafura
Saka, hatina muchidimbu akarongwa urongwa-gore mashanu USSR. Tafura yako, kuchabatsira kuti kuronga uye vainyora pamusoro zvinhu the. Bhuku rine kukosha zvenhaurirano hurongwa.
№ (makore-gore mashanu) | urongwa zvinangwa | Major kuvakwa-gore mashanu zvirongwa | zvabuda |
tanga (1928-1932) | Chero mutengo kuwedzera simba rehondo uye kuvandudza kugadzirwa rinorema indasitiri. | Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Combine, Dnieper, marasha mumigodhi Donbass uye Kuzbass. | 3 nguva zvakawedzera kugadzirwa inorema bhizimisi uye ka20 - engineering, kubvisa urovha. |
chechipiri (1933-1937) | I. V. Stalin: "Tine kubata mazhinji nyika mumakore 5-10, kana ivo Huchapwanya nesu." Nyika aifanira kuwedzera huwandu mhando dzose maindasitiri, zvose rinorema uye chiedza. | Ural-Kuzbass - wechipiri marasha uye metallurgia mujinga nyika, mumwe navigable gwara "Moscow - Volga". | Sezvineiwo kuwedzera mari uye mumaindasitiri kugadzirwa (2 nguva), kurima - ne 1.5 nguva. |
wechitatu (1938-1942) | Nokuda vanotyaira mitemo mauto chikuru Nazi Germany vakatumirwa nyika kudzivirira uye kugadzirwa michina uye inorema indasitiri. | Kukoshesa nemasangano dzidzo pakutanga mashanu romukova kuedza hwakatamisirwa Urals: ndege, motokari, pfuti uye mumaturi anobudiswa ikoko. | The nyika akatambura kurasikirwa kukuru nokuda hondo, asi yakafambira mberi mberi kuzvidzivirira uye kugadzirwa rinorema indasitiri. |
chechina (1946-1950) | Patsva munyika pashure peHondo Yenyika II. Zvakakosha kuita zvakafanana pamwero okuwana sezvo ari pre-hondo kumwedzi. | Zvakare apinda kushanda Dnieper, Donbass simba North eCaucasus. | By 1948 kwakaitika pre-hondo sandara, US isisina anotambura zvombo zvenyukireya, yekudyidzana akaderedza mutengo zvekudya kudiwa. |
cheshanu (1951-1955) | Kuwedzera vhoriyamu National mari uye mumaindasitiri kugadzirwa. | Volga-Don Canal (1952). Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant (1954). | Akavaka zhinji reservoirs uye hydropower zvinomera, kaviri zvakawedzera pamwero maindasitiri kugadzirwa. Sayenzi anodzidza pamusoro mabhomba uye rehydrogen mabhomba. |
wechitanhatu (1956-1960) | Kurera guta hakusi rinorema chete, asiwo chiedza indasitiri, uyewo mune zvokurima. |
Gorky, Kuibyshev, Irkutsk uye Volgograd HPP. Worsted (Ivanovo). | Investments yakawedzera kusvika kaviri, nokushingaira kuongorora nyika Western kweSiberia uye Caucasus. |
wechinomwe (1961-1965) | Wedzero mari yenyika uye kukura nesayenzi. | April 12 - ndege Yu A. Gagarina.. | Zvakawanikwa wakaiswa yesangano kubudikidza 94%, asi National mari yakawedzera 62%, chakakomba maindasitiri goho ne 65%. |
worusere (1966-1970) | Kuvandudza kwose zviratidzi: zvakakomba maindasitiri kugadzira, kurima, National mari. | Kuvaka Krasnoyarskaya, pamapatya, Saratov HPP West Sibirisky Steel Works, Volga motokari (wha). It akasika wokutanga womudenga gororo. | Astronomy mberi (ivhu akaunzwa kuna Moon, Venus paakasvika pamusoro), Nat. kwemari akakura 44%, bhuku racho indasitiri - ne 54%. |
wepfumbamwe (1971-1975) | Iva epamba kurima uye ouinjiniya. | Kuvaka painocheneserwa muna Western Siberia, mavambo pakuvaka Mapaipi. | Sezvineiwo kukudziridza makemikari indasitiri pashure pokumuka deposits kuWestern kweSiberia. Vakaisa 33 zviuru. Km negasi mapaipi, 22.5 thous. Km pamusoro mapaipi mafuta. |
chechigumi (1976-1980) | Kuzarurwa emakambani matsva, pave Western kweSiberia uye kuFar East. | Kama chirimwa, Ust-Ilim Hydroelectric yemapurisa. | Kuwanda mafuta uye gasi mapaipi. Pane maindasitiri matsva. |
wegumi (1981-1985) | More zvokufambisa kushandisa kugadzirwa zvinhu. | Mapaipi "Urengoy - Pomary - Uzhgorod" urefu 4500? Km. | Kureba gasi uye mafuta mapaipi uye 56 yakasvika 110 zviuru. Km azvaitwa. Kuwedzera mari, magariro makomborero zvakawedzera. Kuwedzerwa rwokugadzira michina mafekitari. |
wegumi (1986-1990) | Implementation anochinja zvoupfumi nzira. | Runonyanya zvivako dzinogarwa dziri kuvakwa. | Zvishoma raparurwa kugadzirwa chiedza indasitiri. Kuvandudza simba zvitengeswa makambani. |
Sezvo zvakaoma sezvo zvirongwa izvi, migumisiro-gore mashanu zvirongwa vanoratidza kutsungirira uye ushingi vanhu. Hongu, ndaita haana zvose. Wechitanhatu Five-Year Plan aifanira "kugadzirwa patsva" nokuda urongwa-gore nomwe.
Kunyange zvazvo zvakaoma kwemakore mashanu zano iri USSR (Table - humbowo), asi vanhu veSoviet noushingi yakakunda zvose mitemo uye kunyange pamberi purogiramu. The chikuru sirogani yose-gore mashanu urongwa aiva: "Zvishanu-Year Plan mumakore mana!"
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