Tyorai kukombwa Leningrad muna January 1943: enhoroondo zvinhu

Nokuti Wehrmacht murayiro ugone guta riri Neva River akanga rinokosha nemauto-inokosha kukosha kwete chete. Kuwedzera rokutora yose pemhenderekedzo Gulf Finland uye kuparadzwa kuBaltic Fleet uyewo akavateverera Rwakakura vazivikanwe. Kuwa paucheche of Revolution angadai akaita irreparable yetsika kukuvara yose vanhu Soviet uye vakaramba yekudyidzana kuzvidza morale dzemauto. At murayiro Red Army yaiva nzira: yokubva uye ape guta pasina kurwa. Panyaya iyi, njodzi Vagari kwaitozova inosuruvarisa. Hitler aida kutsakatisa guta kure mepu chaiyo reshoko.

Leningrad akanga akapoteredzwa chose nemauto German uye Finnish September 8, 1941. Kukombwa Leningrad rwakatora mazuva 872. Mukuwedzera muchiuto zviumbu vehondo uye nezvikepe wakakombwa zvakazoonekwa vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni matatu - nevapoteri kubva Leningrad uye kuBaltic States uye yakavakidzana kumatunhu. Leningrad munguva blockade chakarasikirwa vanopfuura 600 zviuru. The rehurumende vakawanda, iro muzana matatu chete vakaurayiwa kubhomba uye kutokonora, uye vamwe vakafa nokuziya nenzara uye nehosha. Rakanga anobviswa zvinopfuura hafu yemiriyoni vanhu.

Kuedza kuputsa blockade muna 1942

Kunyange mumazuva pazvakanga hondo akaedza kutyora encirclement. Muna January 1942 mauto eSoviet yakatanga inogumbura kubatanidza guta makavhara 'huru' 'pedyo nomusha Lubz. Rinotevera kuedza kwakaitwa muna August - October, nenzira mumusha uye Siniavino Mga yemapurisa. akavhiyiwa izvi kuti kupaza kukombwa Leningrad havana kubudirira. Kunyange zvazvo Sinyavinskaya tsamwisa uye akakundikana, asi rinoshamisa ichi zvakavhiringidzwa nokugaroratidzana Wehrmacht anoronga kubvuta guta.

Strategic prerequisites

The kukundwa mauto eNazi muna Volga River akanyatsosiyana achinja pakuenzanisa inokosha mauto muchifarira mumauto eSoviet. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, mushumiri Command nepamuviri aite oparesheni pamusoro kuchamhembe guru deprotected. Operational mabasa nechokuita ehondo Leningrad, Volkhov fronts, kuBaltic Fleet uye Ladoga Flotilla vakagamuchira bumbiro zita '' Iskra ''. Kuti atsigire tsamwisa akavhiyiwa panyika yakanga kumberi avhiyesheni. Dzisashande Leningrad blockade, kunyange zvishomanana, chakaitwa ivepo chikuru miscalculations chemurayiro German. Hitler kurerutswa kukosha mwero kuunganidza reserves. Pashure kukuru kurwa munharaunda muMoscow uye kurutivi rwezasi nyika kubva Army Group 'North' ', vaviri vakanga wakasuduruka warrior nokupesana uye chinokosha chikamu inifanduri zviumbu kuti zvishoma zvaizopedza kurasikirwa nechepakati boka. By pakutanga muna 1943 muna Leningrad panguva zvisingaiti haana guru michini dzakabatana kukurira rimwe zvichibvira kurwisa Soviet Army.

anoronga vachiriita

Operation "Iskra" agamuchirwa pokuwa 1942. Mukupera November, kumuzinda Leningrad Front Headquarters pfungwa kugadzirira itsva tsamwisa uye budiriro yacho mhete muvengi nenzira mbiri: Shlisselburgsky uye Uritskom. High Command asarudza pfungwa imwe, nokutsanya, pedyo-Siniavino Shlisselburg.

November 22 Command akauya chirongwa pakaunda kuitwa kuramba ehondo Leningrad uye Volkhov fronts. Mukushanda akabvumirwa, kugadzirira wakapiwa isingasviki mwedzi. Zvaikosha chaizvo kuti pave vakaronga kugumbura munguva yechando; chitubu swampland vakava safambika. Pamusana nyungudika rakatanga mukupera December kuputsa blockade akanga kumbosiyiwa kwemazuva gumi. Zita kuvhiyiwa remitemo pamusana Stalin. Hafu yezana remakore adarika, VI Ulyanov, kutanga muviri anodhinda of Bolshevik Party, yainzi pepanhau "Iskra" nechinangwa kuti chinopa kuchaita pfutidzai murazvo chimurenga. Saka Stalin akavhomora imwe ringanidzo, vachifungidzira kuti operative tsamwisa rinoshamisa anozochechenya chinokosha zvine urongwa kubudirira. The vakawanda Vanotarisira akapiwa kuti Marshal K. E. Voroshilovu. Kutungamirira mabasa panguva Volkhov Front akatumwa Marshal G. K. Zhukov.

Kugadzirira tsamwisa

Muna December mauto kuzviita vakagadzirira kurwa. zvidzidzo zvose vakanga vashandi pamwe vashandi uye midziyo zana muzana, zvaungana kusvika 5 dzinenge zvombo rimwe chairema inorema zvombo. Leningrad munguva blockade akakwanisa kupa pamberi zvose zvakafanira muchiuto michina uye pfuti. Uye kusona yunifomu akakwezva kwete chete emakambani kushandiswa, asi vagari vaiva pachake kushandiswa yokusona. Panguva rwemberi sappers dzakasimbiswa huripo mabhiriji uye akavaka matsva. Kuti vave nechokwadi tinosvika kuna Neva dzakavakwa pamusoro 50 makiromita migwagwa.

Cherechedzai rwakabhadharwa kuna kugadzirira vanhu vanofanira kudzidziswa kuti hondo iri yechando mumasango uye varwise dzakavakirirwa nzvimbo, akashongedzerwa pamwe simba pfungwa uye pillboxes. Shure nomumwe remubatanidzwa vaiva vakaronga polygons simulating ezvinhu enyika vanonzi kurwisa runofarira. For budiriro ouinjiniya masvingo mapoka chaiyo dzepabonde zvakasikwa. Minefields ndima dzakavakwa. All vehondo kumusoro kuvatungamiri Mapoka yemubatanidzwa vakanga yakagadzirirwa pamwe ndarama Photographic mepu uye chati. Regrouping anogadzirwa chete usiku kana mamiriro okunze akaipa. Basa mberi-mutsetse njere. Rave zvakanaka yakasimbiswa kuzvidzivirira nzvimbo muvengi kunangwa. Navatariri zvakavakwa mitambo hondo. The chokupedzisira. chaiva kuitisa mhenyu-moto kurovedza. Matanho tivhare kupararira tisare, uye kunyatsoomerera pakavanda takatakura muchero. Muvengi aiziva pamusoro vakaronga kurwisa mazuva mashoma. Uyezve chiwedzere ngozi mirayiridzo vokuGermany havana nguva.

The inogara Mauto

Paumbwe Leningrad Front sechikamu 42nd, 55th, 67th Army wakaitwa kudzivirira guta kubva yomukati rwezasi-kumabvazuva divi rin'i mutsetse Uritsk - Kolpino, zvakarurama-pamahombekombe nzvimbo Neva - Ladoga. 23rd Army vakaperekedza kuzvidzivirira akavhiyiwa kurutivi rwokumusoro Karelian Isthmus. Force uto ndege yaiva rechi13 Air Army. Budiriro blockade inopiwa tangi 222, uye 37 warrior. Front akarayira refutenendi-General L. A. Govorov. Infantry zvidzidzo pamwe mhepo rutsigiro 14-fung Air Army. 217 Matangi vakanga pfungwa munzvimbo iyi. Volkhov Front akaraira General K. A. Meretskov hondo. The breakout nhungamiro, vachishandisa reserves uye kushandisa regrouping, yakawana ukuru manpower mana nehafu nguva, atirari - kanomwe, matangi - kagumi, ndege - kaviri. Density pfuti uye mumaturi kubudikidza Leningrad yakasvika 146 inokwana zviyero por 1 km mberi. Uyewo tsamwisa akaramba atirari kuBaltic Fleet uye Ladoga flotilla (88 caliber pfuti kubva 100 kusvika 406 mm) uye ndege rengarava ndege.

On Volkhovsky mirayiridzo pfuti arambe achirema ranged kubva 101 kusvika 356 inokwana zviyero muzana kiromita. Uwandu wavanozvisunga simba kubva kumativi zvasvika masoja 303 zviuru uye vatariri. Muvengi akakomba guta makumi maviri nezvitanhatu mapoka rechi18 Army (Army Group 'North') uye paumbwe mana Finnish mapoka kuchamhembe. Mauto edu akaita budiriro iri blockade, aifanira kurwisa doro akavakirirwa Shlisselburgskaya-Sinyavinskaya nharaunda, iyo akadzivirira mumapoka mashanu, iri riri mazana manomwe pfuti uye mumaturi. muzvikwata zvisina tsarukano murayiro Wehrmacht pamusoro General G. Lindemann.

Battle Shlisselburgsky hwindosiri

Pausiku 11 musi waJanuary 12 ndege Volkhov Front uye rechi13 Air Army of Leningrad Front yakanga akabata hombe kubhomba pamusoro pre-rinorondedzerwa zvinangwa munzvimbo breakout munharaunda akaronga. January 12 pa hafu apfuura pfumbamwe mangwanani akatanga atirari gadziriro. Kutokonora nzvimbo muvengi yakatora maawa maviri nemaminitsi gumi. Kwehafu yeawa kurwisa gunships asati akapinda dzakavakirirwa kuzvidzivirira uye atirari mabhatiri kubva vokuGermany. At 11.00 ari 67th Army kubva Neva uye Unit kuvhunduka rechipiri uye Mauto Volkhov Front rorusere yakatanga inogumbura. inifanduri Kurwisa akatsigira atirari vachiridzira chokuumba moto mugodhi kudzama mumwe kiromita. Wehrmacht Mauto akadzivisa dzinotyisa, vaifamba Soviet kwaisanyatsooneka uye gogonera.

Mumazuva maviri kurwa, daro pakati mberi mapoka wakaderedzwa kusvika makiromita maviri. mazuva matanhatu chete gare gare ari mberi idzodzo Soviet Army akakwanisa kubatanidza munzvimbo vashandi 'nemisha, nhamba 1 uye nhamba 5. January 18 Shlisselburg (Petrokrepost) guta akasunungurwa uye hauchazvidzwi romuvengi, zvose yakabatana pamhenderekedzo munharaunda Lake Ladoga. Upamhi nyika mukoridho akaita pamusoro dzakasiyana-siyana 8 kusvika 10 makiromita. Pazuva kutyora blockade wenyika Leningrad zvakavimbika kunyika linked guta 'mainland' 'zvakanzi rakadzorerwa. United Group 2nd nemauto 67th akaedza remuSamoa kuva kubudirira kurwisa uye kuwedzera bridgehead nechokumaodzanyemba. VokuGermany kukurisa reserves dzavo. Musi waJanuary 19, mazuva gumi panguva zvikamu murayiro German ngozi zvakatumira nendege mapoka mashanu uye vakawanda atirari. The tsamwisa munharaunda Siniavino payakaserera. Kuti vachengete akakunda wokumusoro, mauto vachifamba achizvidzivirira. Zvakatanga mugoronga hondo. The pamutemo musi kuvhiyiwa kuri 30 January.

Zvakabuda kurwisa

Somugumisiro yeSoviet nevarwi Wehrmacht vakanga adzosa kubva pamhenderekedzo Lake Ladoga, asi guta rakanga richiri mberi mapazi. The budiriro yacho blockade panguva oparesheni '' Iskra '' akaratidza kukura kweuto mukuru murayiro pfungwa. The kukundwa mauto muvengi pamusoro dzakavakirirwa nzvimbo kwazvo chikwata kwemajoini kurwisa kubva kunze uye kunze rava muenzaniso mudzimai art hondo. Muchiuto vakapiwa kuchikosha ruzivo mune pakuitisa tsamwisa akavhiyiwa ari chisango nzvimbo muchando. Kukunda muvengi layered kudzivirira hurongwa akaratidza kudiwa kwazvo kuronga zvidzidzo atirari moto, uyewo operative kufamba vezvikwata muhondo.

Nokurasikirwa vemapato

Just sei ropa vaiva kupesana, maererano akuvara nenhamba. 67th uye rechi13 Leningrad Front Army vakarasikirwa vakaurayiwa uye vakuvara 41,2 zviuru. People, kusanganisira irretrievable kurasikirwa vakasvika 12.4 zviuru. People. Volkhov Front akarasikirwa 73,9 uye 21.5 zviuru. People azvaitwa. mapoka muvengi nomwe zvakaparadzwa. Nokurasikirwa German vakasvika vanopfuura zviuru 30 vanhu, deadweight -. vanhu 13 zviuru .. Uyezve, sezvo mikombe wehondo eSoviet wakaunganidza mana pfuti uye mumaturi, 178 zvigwagwagwa, 5,000 nepfuti, hombe kwazvo zvombo, motokari zana nemakumi mashanu. maviri Newest inorema Matangi vakabatwa ne T-VI "Tiger".

chikuru kukunda

Operation '' Iskra '' kuputsa blockade makawana unodikanwa zvabuda. Mumazuva namanomwe mugwagwa uye njanji mutsetse nokureba makumi matatu makiromita ave vakaisa pamwe pamhenderekedzo Lake Ladoga. February 7 chitima wokutanga vakasvika Leningrad. It rikaporeswa yaivakwanira muguta uye zviyero nemauto, Magetsi kwakawedzera. Ndokutangazve mvura. akavandudzika zvikuru mamiriro ezvinhu rehurumende vakawanda, maindasitiri emakambani, uye pamberi kubatana pakati kuBaltic Fleet. Munyaya dzinotevera pamwedzi yegore kubva Leningrad akabviswa kune veshure munzvimbo dzinopfuura zviuru mazana masere zvavo.

Kusunungurwa Leningrad kubva blockade muna January 1943 aiva kiyi nguva iri kudzivirira guta. Mauto Soviet munharaunda iyi pakupedzisira Yakabata zvine urongwa danho. Rakanga yakapedza ngozi remubatanidzwa German uye Finnish masimba. January 18 - zuva kutyora blockade kuti Leningrad - guta vapedza yakaoma woga. Anobudirira pokupedza kwomudzimu yaiva huru Pfungwa kukosha vanhu venyika. Kwete huru-pamwero kurwisana Second World War kuvhomora pfungwa enyika vepamusoro penyanza. US President Theodore Roosevelt congratulated reSoviet utungamiriri vaine uto, uye vagari veguta tsamba, izvo akabvuma ukuru Feat, avo indomitable kushinga uye ushingi.

anotyora blockade kuti Leningrad Museum

Mumazana pavanotaurirana mutsetse akavaka zvirangaridzo pakuyeuka zvinosuwisa uye umhare zviitiko makore iwayo. Muna 1985 iri Kirov muruwa munzvimbo pedyo nomusha Marino yakavhurwa diorama '' Putsa Kukombwa Leningrad '. Zviri munzvimbo ino January 12, 1943 67th mauto zviumbu vakayambuka Neva pamusoro chando uye akaputsa kuburikidza okuchengetedza muvengi. Diorama 'budiriro Leningrad blockade' ' chinomirira mufananidzo pamusoro kukura 40 8 mamita. On the kanivhasi zvinoratidzira zviitiko kurwisa German kuzvidzivirira. Asati mucheka, zvinhu plan, pamwe pakadzika kubvira 4 kusvika 8 metres, recreates munhu-dimensional matatu mifananidzo akakomberedzwa zvinzvimbo, kukurukurirana pemigero, uto michina.

Kubatana sezvamunoita hwezvaizoitika kanivhasi uye komberedza magadzirirwo pave chaizvo pamberi. Pamahombekombe Neva ndiyo shongwe '' kuputsa blockade '. Monument iri tangi T-34, akatasva yakatanhamara. Kurwisa motokari nenhokwe akafanana kubatanidza kuna Volkhov Front. Pakachena nzvimbo pamberi miziyamu uyewo akaratidza midziyo muhondo.

The yokupedzisira vaizoitwazve ari blockade pakati Leningrad. 1944

Complete kusukwa kukombwa guta akazodawo chete gore somugumisiro pamwero mukuru Leningrad-Novgorod Kurwisa. The nevarwi Volkhov, kuBaltic uye Leningrad fronts akakunda chikuru ehondo rechi18 Army of Wehrmacht. January 27 aiva mukuru zuva achibvisa anenge 900-zuva wakakombwa. A 1943rd hwakanyorwa mune historiography Hondo Yenyika II sezvo gore budiriro iri blockade pakati Leningrad.