Externalities ari upfumi hwavo murau

Nhasi ari kushingaira kutanga musika upfumi muna Russian Federation. Market - ichi chinokosha zvoupenyu basa apo dzaishandiswa ukama makavakwa pakati vanowatengesa uye vatengi. Externalities pamisika upfumi zvinoita basa rinokosha. The ukama pakati vaburitsi magumo-vanoshandisa kunobva decentralized mashandiro mutengo chiratidzo.

Ndezvipi externalities?

Economy - ndiko kuva ukama kuti munguva kugadzirwa, nokuparadzirwa uye nevatengi enyika. Externalities ari upfumi - ndicho migumisiro imwe mumiririri, ane hanya nokugara zvakanaka kwevanhu vari Russia, saka anodzora webasa vaburitsi. zvigadzirwa zvose zvinofanira kuva zvakatipoteredza noushamwari uye kugadzirwa maererano ehurumende mitemo.

Kana kunaka externalities wechitatu munhu, uyo akanga asina muzvirongwa kutengeserana, achaita chinounza zvimwe varasikirwa. Izvi hazvirevi zvinosanganisira vatengesi nevatengi. Positive kwokunze Migumisiro - ndiko kuwana makomborero nemapoka rechitatu. Price uye musika ukoshi ndiyo yakanakisisa vatakuri mashoko mumunda musika upfumi. Saka, musika vechikamu vachakwanisa kuwana akakodzera Mureza uye kuitisa kushandira. Kana paine kunambwa nhumbi kana mabasa zvokutengeserana basa asingadi kuuya anokarirwa mari, uye zvachose kukosha kwavo hazviratidzi zvido imwe neimwe yeboka. Panyaya iyi, musika zvakanyatsoenzana haangavi Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri.

Kuitwa akaipa uye zvakanaka externalities

To nemazvo kuongorora zvichibvira pokudzora kwokunze zvainoita ano musika zvakanyatsoenzana, zvinokosha kuti chaiyo purogiramu zvitengeswa uye kudiwa. Kudiwa - mumwe mutengi anoda kubhadhara mari nenhumbi kana mabasa. Anogona kusarudza kubva siyana zvaungasarudza kugutsa nevatengi mubereko wavo. Saka, kuratidza zvose private shoma zvikomborero.

Nokuda turnover vanowatengesa mukana wokufungisisa zvose mari nokuda Kuongorora kugadzirwa kwacho. Externalities pamisika upfumi pave tsanangudzo kunyoreswa zvinodiwa kumapati rechitatu, unonzi externally.

Basa akaipa chokunze migumisiro iri kugadzirwa

Environmental kusvibiswa zvinokuvadza kuti utano hwevanhu. Uye kutanga kuzivikanwa matambudziko akadaro indasitiri sezvo upfumi. A akaipa externality ndechokuti vakawanda guru maindasitiri zvinomera zvivi tiite wastewater kupinda nzizi pedyo. It anosunungurwa mugomba kuitika zvinokuvadza zvakadai carbon dioxide. Iye anopinda kwezvakatipoteredza uye inokanganisa utano vanhu. Nekuda izvi mananara yekudyidzana anokuvadza zvavanofarira. Vagari maguta nemisha maduku havagoni murwizi mvura kana kufema mhepo yakachena. Excavation nzvimbo utachiona uye kufa hove mumvura. Zvose izvi uye zvinokonzerwa haana kuiswawo pakati yokupedzisira mutengo chigadzirwa, izvo kugadzirwa miti.

Naizvozvo zvakakodzera kutora hanya unhu kugadzirwa zvigadzirwa kwete chete, asiwo kuti kuongorora zvakatipoteredza yakachena. Akabuda zvinokuvadza mumhepo uye mvura rinobatanidza kwazvo nemigumisiro.

Pfungwa externalities munyika yanhasi

Nhasi, ari pamusika ukama unogona kuonekwa zvakananga uye unmediated pakukurukurirana, achireva migumisiro mutumwa pamusoro kuita mamwe. Ndicho kwokunze migumisiro iri upfumi. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti vakadaro Migumisiro zvinogona zvakanaka kana zvisingafadzi..

External Migumisiro vakatanga kufunga nokuti munhu wose anoda kurarama yakachena. Vagari vanoda kuti vanogadzira mafekitari guru rakanga kudzora, nekuti choutsi kunogona kukanganisa zvinonyatsorehwa ezvinhu evamwe vanhu.

Externalities ari upfumi anogona kuva pakati vatengi uye Vanoburitsa nenhumbi. Muenzaniso zvakwakanakira - zviri kunze ezvivako kuitira kuti vane zvakanaka achidzidziswa uye chitarisiko. Vanopfuura vanhu vachakwanisa kuyemura France uye kwete kunetseka kuti zviri yakapararawo. The kunambwa ndechokuti panguva kugadzira muitiro nhumbi kunoitika yakasviba nzvimbo.

Regulation nechitarisiko migumisiro

Mune zvimwe zviitiko, boka raivapo musika zvigadziriswe regai kupa zvakafanira zvinhu kuti munhu anofanira rationally akafukidzwa zvinodiwa zvose. Pane mamiriro ezvinhu pakati mutengesi, mutengi uye mugadziri, izvo vanoonekwa mukundikani kana kusauka. Panyaya iyi, musika hauchadi ose mabasa ayo. Chikonzero ichi, kwete zvakazara akapa kugadzirwa zvakanaka. External migumisiro iri upfumi hwavo murau rinoitwa achishandisa kwazvo kuongorora.

Nyanzvi funga matambudziko nokuchinja mitengo vose pamusika nzvimbo yebasa. Somuenzaniso, kuwedzera inzwi zviratidzi anobudiswa chidhinha kunogona kukanganisa zvikuru kugadzirwa kongiri uye turnover. Chikonzero ichi zvakakodzera kuramba kuongorora migumisiro pachavo mabasa avo. A bhizimisi sangano ngaarege kukuvadza kune mamwe mabhizimisi uye vatengi.

Fee nokuti zvekunze Migumisiro

Kuderera haibatsiri pamisika munogona nyaya pasina muripo nokuda externalities. Payment hauna kana mumusika haana chaizvo pfuma kana kubatsira zvakatungamirira kuti Implementation ari kwokunze mokuwana.

A huru uye rinokosha reDare muripo externalities ari upfumi. Mienzaniso yakasiyana, zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu. Kana kugadzirwa papepa fekitari anoshandisa risingaperi uwandu rwizi mvura yakachena, kuti mamaneja hazvidi kuti rikatenge. Tuso hauna abhadhare kushandisa mari. Panguva iyoyowo, vagari vemo veguta, vabati vehove kana vanoshambira havakwanisi kushandisa rwizi nokuda kwezvinangwa zvavo. Panyaya iyi, rwizi mvura inofambidzana kungoitirwa kushandisa nokuti haina muridzi, uye chinofanira kuva wakasununguka kuwana zvose. Asi panguva kugadzirwa fekitari kuti pagadzirwe mapepa asingadi kurangarira zvose kwokunze migumisiro kunobva nokubudiswa zvinhu uye mubasa sashanda vhoriyamu.

Coase theorem no

The dambudziko externalities ari upfumi ndiyo tsika nzira mamwe zvingaitwa. American Economist uye mumiriri Ronald Kouz muna 1991 vakagamuchira zita akahwina mubayiro weNobel. Akanyora imwe nyaya yaiva nomusoro waiti "The dambudziko evanhu mutengo". Zvakange zvainyatsoratidza dambudziko externalities, izvo chokuita zvose vatengi uye vaburitsi.

Mashoko akaipa kwokunze Migumisiro kakawanda kunoitika munguva kukura makwikwi pakati mapato, dzinoshandisa zviwanikwa. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya muzviitiko apo nyaya imwe neimwe havana kodzero yokushandisa yepanyama kunobva. Akahwina mubayiro weNobel uye Nezveupfumi Ronald Kouz akagumisa kuti chero zvekunze Migumisiro zvinogona internalized pachishandiswa asunga pfuma kodzero chaidzo zvinhu. Exchange kodzero varidzi acho anogona kuitwa nyaya apo havasi kunotoreva guru mutengapwe mari. Kuburikidza mashandiro ichi inosanganisira zvose zvine chokuita neukama, kuwana zvinobudirira mhinduro.

ZvoMutemo Coase Theorem

wandei inokosha zvaanopa:

• pakati mapato kondirakiti mutengo unofanira kuva pasi. Kureva munhu wakaiswa mari hauzoti chipinganidzo chikuru kune kuzadzika chaizvo zvebasa sungano. Izvi Migumisiro, iyo inotaura chidzoke nemhepo yakasviba, vanotadzisa kunopindirana utano uye utano vagari. Ndokusaka zvichikosha kuti vatori vechikamu kuti nazvo mumwe uye zvinetso zvose.
• Kushandisa Coase theorem no kunogona kuti kana mumwe muridzi mabhizimisi anokwanisa kuziva zvinyorwa zvose zvakakanganisika vanovakonzera kuti vanhu vakavapoteredza. Entrepreneur anofanira kugadzirisa ukama hwavo pachavo uye zviri pamutemo, uyewo zvose zvaitika. Kana kodzero kuchenesa mhepo kunge zviri pamutemo rakapa, zvinobva zvava zvinonetsa kuziva, ane mabasa kugadzirwa kutyora chibvumirano. Externalities vari Russian zvoupfumi kuchabatsira Entrepreneurs kudzivisa ozone rejeri nemvura inonaya iine acid mumhepo.

Internalization zvekunze kushanda

Kuti Entrepreneurs uye mabhizimisi masangano kuongorora choutsi zvose mumhepo, unofanira internalize zvose zvinoonekwa migumisiro. Internalization ndiko kusangana izere zvachose wekuongorora.

Nhasi pane imwe nzira anowanzosangana kunobatsira entrepreneur kutevera yakachena. Mamiriro anogona Akave nokuvandudza mumutemo, kuti yemakambani uye makambani mari yose mari kuti vanofanira kudzorera kuchena zvakasikwa.

Kugadzirisa mutero iri itungamirirwe mumwe batch mangé chigadzirwa kusunungurwa, izvo zvinoita kuti yokufudza zvose muganhu private evanhu mari. Saka, tinogona kuita entrepreneur mafungiro vose kwokunze mari zvakanaka.