Utongi The yendarama dzebhizimisi nemari: yacho fomura. Chii anonzi yendarama utongi hwenyika?

The yendarama Kutonga - iri tsika Bamba, riri chokuita kuda reciprocity mune bilateral ukama. Chaizvoizvo Its rakanaka; unofanira kurapa vanhu nenzira yaunoda kuti vazvibate kwamuri. Pokutonga upfumi yendarama inonzi chikuru mitemo kuti zvinokonzera rinodyiwa. Kumhanya mari dzinofanira kufukidzwa nemitero uye zvikwereti vanofanira kuita chete mubhizimisi mune ramangwana riri nani. We kushandisa nhungamiro iyi muupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Ndinoda nguva yokufunga isati inotevera nguva kutora smartphone itsva nechikwereti. Kuti varege kuita zvikanganiso zvakadaro, ngatitarisei chii chinonzi chendarama nokutonga dzezvoupfumi.

Original kwouzivi zvinoreva

Tisati anozodzidza chii chinonzi chendarama kutonga dzezvoupfumi, funga pfungwa zvayo Mupfungwa yakazara. The Golden Rule, kana kuti nesimba kuti reciprocity - iri tsika Bamba kana musimboti, izvo kunooneka pacharo muchimiro zvakanaka kana asina chokuita:

• Munhu wese anofanira kuzvibata nenzira anoda kubata naye. Pfungwa iyi chinogona kutaurwa zvakanaka kana prescriptive chimiro.
• Mumwe haadi kuita sezvo haadi kuti vamwe vabate naye. It inotaurwa kunaka kana prohibitive chimiro.

Zviri nyore kuona kuti Implementation munhu akanaka shanduro mirau zvakawanda zvakaoma hwezuva nezuva muupenyu. The mutemo yendarama seizvi anokurudzira vanhu kwete chete kufuratira zvinodiwa nevamwe, asiwo kugoverana navo zvazvakanakira, uyewo kuvatsigira.

In chitendero

Pfungwa, unonzi yendarama utongi hwenyika chiri pamwoyo chiKristu, chiIslam, chiHindu, uye chiBuddha. Pfungwa yokutanga akazviratidza muIjipiti yekare. Rainzi "Maat," uye yakatanga kutaurwa munhau nomuvuki murimi mudiki (2040-1650 gg. BC. E.). It kokutanga tatarisana yakanaka Murayiro kuti vaizova chikamu yendarama utongi. In zvapedzisira nguva muIjipiti yekare (664-323 BC. E.) On yenhokwe hwakanyorwa yechipiri kunaka chikamu tiri kufunga nhasi ane unhu.

tsananguro ano

Shoko rokuti "mutemo yendarama" yava zvikuru kushandiswa mukuvamba kwezana remakore rechi17 muBritain Somuenzaniso, inowanikwa basa Charles Gibbon. Nhasi inowanikwa zvinenge zvitendero zvose uye tsika zvetsika. Vakuitirewo kunogona kutsanangurwa nemashoko uzivi, zvepfungwa, evanhu uye zvoupfumi. Kumboda zvose anoburuka kusvikira kukwanisa tsitsi uye kunzwisisa vanhu akapoteredza munhu. Richard Swift akati kuti kana yendarama utongi hwenyika hariguti, ipapo zviri anoratidza kwokuderera ehurumende (vanhu). Zvino funga zvakajeka chii kupiwa pfungwa.

Utongi yendarama zvebhizimisi dzezvoupfumi

State - ndiro sangano guru. Kutaura zvazviri, nechepakati midziyo simba uye nemakanzuru kuzvitonga - kwayo utariri. Chii vaiona yendarama utongi hwenyika, richiratidzwa ose oparesheni mune zvebhizimisi. Ndiwo hwaro dzinonzi vakatendeseka Kuita zvinhu. Chero kambani vanofanira kushandisa pachako mari yayo kusangana ayo iyezvino mari. Chokwadi, unogona nguva dzose kutora. Asi ichi kuchangounza renguva pfupi. Naizvozvo, zvikwereti vanobvumirwa chete somunhu mubhizimisi iri kwezvivako, tsvakurudzo nezvimwe zvirongwa. zvikwereti zvakadaro chete kuchabatsira zvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi. Pokutonga upfumi yendarama, nzira iyo achangobva kukurukurwa, ndiyo hwaro vakadengezera US bhajeti zvirongwa. Dzimwe nyanzvi kunyange kutaura kuti zvinofanira kushandiswa uye panguva recessions. Hurumende inofanira kuderedza yakatarwa iripo magariro mabasa kwavari. Asi haisi ichi nguva yezvebhizimisi kutenderera vari kudiwa zvavo vagari?

Zvinoumba inoshanda fiscal negwaro

Pokutonga upfumi emakambani yendarama vanofanira kuita mutungamiriri nokuda kukura kwete chete wacho sangano nzira. Kukosha musimboti uye ichi fiscal mutemo chero mamiriro. Anoti kuti zvikwereti hurumende vari kushandiswa chete mari, kwete kuti mari kutira rinodyiwa. Naizvozvo, yendarama mutemo - ndiyo nheyo pakati nepakati bhajeti. kutsiga mamiriro kunoenderana nhamba ukuru paruzhinji nemauto kumarudzi mari. Tsanangudzo yendarama ushe fiscal mutemo iri huri macroeconomic dzidziso. Kuwedzera hurumende nokukwereta kunotungamirira kuwedzera chaiyo kufarira rates, izvo zvinoderedza uwandu mari iri upfumi.

Akanyatsokodzera mari zvazvingava

Hwaro hwenyika - ndiko zvishoma nezvishoma. Vakuitirewo rinoti kuti kodzero ndiyo mari zvazvingava, iyo Kunowanzurudza kuramba azvipire norukosoro kana zvinopa ichangobva kukura. Somuenzaniso, rinoshandiswa muna Solow womuenzaniso. Uyewo, pfungwa dzinogona kuwanikwa mubasa John of Neumann uye Alle Morisa. Zvisinei, nguva yokutanga rokuti "yendarama utongi mari mwero" rakashandiswa Edmund Phelps muna 1961.

Pokushandisa mitemo munyika dzakasiyana

Muna 1997, ipapo-chanzera yeUnited Kingdom Treasury Gordon Braun yakazivisa hwaro bhajeti itsva. Saka "mutemo yendarama" nechiedza ruoko of Labor Party kwenguva refu nguva akapinda kushandiswa British enyika. Muna 2009, kutsiva yendarama utongi muna UK akauya nheyo inogona kuenderera inivhesitimendi. State nokukwereta nerimwe gore haafaniri kupfuudza 40% kwakaita izvozvo chakakomba mumhuri chigadzirwa.

In Germany muna 2009, kusiyana, vane yepamutemo kunatsiridza vakadengezera bhajeti. Rakagadzirirwa "sipidhi" kukura muzvikwereti. Reform anofanira kutanga 2016. MuFrance, nokuti akanaka mari muna 2011, akavhotera muimba yepazasi yeparamende. Zvisinei, harisati kupinda simba nokuti haisati yapera zvinofanira nekugadzirisa bumbiro. Spanish Seneti akavhotera vachida pokugadzwa kuitwa pakati STRUCTURAL dhefisiti. Izvi Kunadzurudzwa kuna Constitution vachaenda simba 2020. KuItaly, zvinosungirwa pakati nepakati bhajeti iri simba kubva 2014.

Saka, tinogona kutaura chokwadi kuti yegoridhe utongi hwenyika - haisi yokungotaura pfungwa, asi akabudirira chaizvo inoshanda, iyo yava kunzi rakatangwa muna zhinji dzakabudirira.