External zvinhu zvinosanganisira cyclical kukura hwenyika ... External zvinhu zviri zvoupfumi

Kukura pamusika upfumi haisi akafanana yakarurama mutsetse, apo zvose anoenda noruvara uye nguva dzose. Kazhinji, kuenda nokugara nemateru nezvisingafadzi kuti vakaatsinzina mukati yechinangwa anotevedzana matanho. The cyclical nature zvoupfumi zvinoonekwa pamusika nokufamba kuti ane nguva nenguva hunhu.

The zvoupfumi kutenderera uye ayo maitikiro

Dzidziso pamusoro cyclical pakukura hwenyika inorondedzerwa ose bhuku iri Profile yacho. Industrial nguva vakaongorora zvakadai masayendisiti akakurumbira sezvo Dzhozef Kitchin, Klement Zhuglyar uye Saymon Smit Kuznets. Vaiti zvoupfumi kutenderera - kuchinja zvebhizimisi basa iri zvoupfumi, dzinoratidzwa chinozunguzirwa akafanana uye panguva penguva pakati chete inoti kwezvakatipoteredza.

The zvoupfumi kutenderera rakakamurwa maitikiro zvina:

• Peak (pamukwidzwa). Power kugadzirwa rwakawedzera: mumusika anopa zvinhu zvitsva uye mabasa. Employment, akacherechedza mari kukura.
• Recession (compression). Production iri zvishoma nezvishoma kudzikira, ukuwo, zvinoderedza kuparadzwa, kuti aizomupa upfumi, GDP uye mari.
• Recession (dambudziko). Upfumi yasvika pasi, uye kwekanguva vagumirwe.
• Revival. Production ari kuwedzera, vachiuya zveminda.

Cyclicity youpfumi imwe nyika ingava zvakasiyana yakafanana mutoo pachiyero upfumi hwenyika uye macroeconomy yose.

zvemukati zvikonzero

Zvakazokonzerwa cyclical pakukura hwenyika kwakaratidzwa pachiyero ruzivo. Pashure pezvose, Danho rimwe nerimwe idzva haisi kopi yaimbovapo: vanhu anodzidza kubva pazvikanganiso uye kuchinja pamusoro inotevera munguva. Chokwadi, kuva huru simba cyclical kuitika uye mitemo munyika. Govera vakadaro dzakawanda zvinhu kuti kuonekwa pamusoro upfumi nehurumende kuti:

1. Production mavanga kukonzerwa kunyanya kusunungurwa zvinhu. Vakagadzika yakaderera kudiwa nokuda mukuru kuwanikwa uye yakakwirira mitengo. Kutaura zvazviri, wedzerai kwazvo kudiwa.
2. zvinhu zvitsva. Somuenzaniso, nokuuya makombiyuta ari pamusika, vagadziri yetapureta kutanga kuvhara yebhizimisi kana kutama guru kuti pave nemamwe sectors.
3. Usapinde negwaro. Kusunungurwa hombe mari yakawanda kunoita mitengo, panguva kushaya kwavo pamberi kunotungamirira kuti kuderera mukurima uye zvinoderedza inivhesitimendi.

Dzomunyika Zvikonzero zvinosanganisira wevanotungamirira mamiriro, pave evanhu bhora, dzidzo, tsika muna State, uye zvichingodaro. Zvose izvi zvinhu zviri rinoratidzirwawo upenyu zvavo vomunyika.

zvekunze simba

It unoitawo basa rinokosha. External zvinhu zvinosanganisira cyclical kukura hwenyika:

• Military chiito. Panguva kurwisana nezvombo, upfumi rikavakwa iri "chinozunguzirwa" itsva - kusunungurwa zvombo uye midziyo dzevarwi. Kwezva okuwedzera manpower uye pfuma. Kana hondo inoguma, kuderera kunoitika.
• Innovation. Vane guru rokubaya mitengo, mari kudiwa uye kudya.
• Igaroziva zvimwewo. Somuenzaniso, pano unogona kusanganisira akasvetuka mitengo mafuta munyika yose.

External zvingakonzera kusanganisira kukura upfumi uye vatorwa mutemo, vakatevera nehurumende, uyewo nedzenyu kukurukurirana pamusoro pehurumende uye zvaanoita mumusika nyika. A seti yomunyika zvikonzero uye mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira kubva kunze uye zvinowanisa ezvinhu umo huri upfumi, vari zvakare zvakananga Proportional anokanganisa padanho uye unhu chikamu. Zviri pachena kuti upfumi hwenyika ari cyclical, "mukupandukirana" iri kunzwisisa izvi uye zvachose pasina iye.

Economy Nehondo

Kwezvematongerwe enyika, hondo yevagari vemo kana nechisimba imwe nyika iri munharaunda masimba - izvi zvose vanotozvikuvadza kunotungamirira munhu, munhu uye zvoupfumi varasikirwa. Armed kusawirirana vakaputsa hakuna purazi vazhinji zvemakore, asi chinonyanya pamwero mukuru uye dzinoparadza akaratidza XX remakore. Hondo mbiri dzenyika uye imwe hondo yevagari yakazununguka kupfuura chimwe Hurumende: vanhu vazhinji vakaurayiwa, kubhombiwa uye mafekitari zvakaparadzwa. Vagari vanotambura nenzara uye kushaya pokugara, sezvo simba rose akakandwa kugadzirwa zvombo, matangi zvigwagwagwa.

Hondo uye upfumi haawirirani pfungwa. Wokutanga Kupwanya akarova anoparadza zvose nebudiriro wechipiri. Munhoroondo yenyika hapana muenzaniso, kana vachingotya kurwisana nezvombo, kuti mamiriro akatsigira zvokurima pane mukuru pamwero uye hapana nzira inodiwa. Muchiitiko chino, zviri hondo yevagari zvikuru nengozi zvikuru utsinye uye dzinoparadza kwete chete nokuti upfumi asiwo vanhu pachavo. Kana mukoma mumaoko hama anopfuurira, zvinonzi pamwe kunyanya raidudzwa kurwisa uye ruvengo, izvo zvakananga hunobata padanho kuparadzwa, kusanganisira zveupfumi.

muenzaniso Libya

Ngationgororei kuti hondo chichaitwa uratidzwe pamusoro poupenyu Libya. Armed kunetsana munyika iyoyo kuramba 2011, pakati vateveri vakaurawa mutungamiri Muammara Kaddafi hurumende uye nevarwi National Transitional Council. Panguva pavanotaurirana 50 zviuru vanhu vakafa mumakore mana apfuura, vapoteri akatonyanya 10 nguva. Nhamba kuramba nokukurumidza kukura. Zvinofungidzirwa upfumi kukuvadzwa zvinosiyana: kuti IMF inoti vanenge mabhiriyoni 7,7 emadhora, mamwe makambani kubvunza dziri kuda $ 15 bhiriyoni mafuta maindasitiri, izvo vakava chaiva chikuru awane mari yokutarisira vanhu, izvozvo arashikirwa $ 50 bhiriyoni ..

Sezvo kwokunze zvikonzero, ari cyclical kukura hwenyika ndiwo hondo chikuru, rinogona akagumisa sezvo chinhu ichi uchiumba ezvinhu iyi. With pave vakawanda Kuratidzira, simba akadzvinya emakambani, musazonetsanazve nezvombo uye kubhombiwa upfumi wawa kuti pasi kwayo kukura. The upfumi rakada kumira: vanhu vakarasikirwa kufarira kugadzira, zvino chinangwa chawo chikuru - kuwana chokwadi uye kurarama.

Basa goridhe dema

External zvinhu zvinosanganisira cyclical kukura hwenyika uye vanonzi ukapisa murwi mafuta - kamwe kuchinja mitengo zvokudya. Somuenzaniso, muna 1973, United States kuti vari bhizimisi zvendarama nhema pamusika nyika ari cartel weOPEC kwaita kuti nokuwedzera mari mari. Apa ndipo panotangira guru zvoupfumi munyika yepashure pehondo. Mune US, kuderera mukurima yakatora kwemakore anopfuura maviri uye vakasvika sezvinongoitawo 5%.

WeOPEC zvinosanganisira vakadaro Arab nyika: Kuwait, Kuwait, Libya, Siriya, Saudi Arabia, Algeria, Iraq, Egypt, Arabia uye Abu Dhabi. Panguva vakawanda Council, vakasarudza kutema huni zvokuyamura kunyika kuti kutsigira mitemo vaIsraeri. Pane zvakarongwa, kunze America, uyewo yakarova Japan uye vazhinji Western Europe. Economy of vaitungamirira masimba enyika, vakanga runotsamira goridhe dema, akaora mwoyo, nokuti mutengo chete dhiramu akasimuka kubva $ 2-3 kusvika 15. Yaiva nguva yokutanga munhoroondo, kana kuti zvinangwa enyika vakashandisa mafuta chombo.

zvakagadzirwa

The cyclical nature zvoupfumi kunoratidzwa apo masayendisiti wekuvamba chinhu chitsva, pamwero mukuru uye dzichipfekeka. Zvinonzi, nekusiyana, kunobatsirawo kugadzirwa kunowedzera, kunonatsiridza chigadzirwa unhu uye zvichingodaro. Dzimwe nguva itsva zvingaitwa nyore kufamba pamusoro upfumi pamusoro wayo. Somuenzaniso, imwe "bhomba" kwaiva kuvaka munyika yokutanga njanji. How mikana yakawanda kuti upfumi akazarura kuvamba. Zvino unogona kununura nhumbi nekukurumidza yaiva chiuru mamaira. Production kwakawedzera. Vanhu vakaenda yakawanda mabasa: chaipo njanji, uyewo mafekitari kuti akatanga massively akazaruka ose enyika masimba.

Sezvo tinogona kuona, kusvikira kwokunze zvinokonzera cyclical kusimudzira upfumi zvose zvakagadzirwa. Kana kukwira aine nzira itsva, rinopa mukana kuwedzera mari, yakawanda guta nhumbi. Nokubudirira uku hakuzovi zvakonzerwa yokutanga. Zviri mugumisiro mumwe mashandiro ose utsanzi, izvo zviri kuitika kutenderera kutungamirira upfumi wayo kunonyanyisa yepamusoro kukura.