Economist French Jean-Baptiste Say: tsvakurudzo Biography. "Bhuku iri Political Economy"

Jean-Baptiste uti, pikicha iyo zvichakurukurwa munyaya, runoonekwa umwe wevateveri vakakurumbira zvikuru dzidziso Adam Smith. Nhamba iyi absolutized pfungwa yacho kwatangwa mashandiro hunoenzana pamusika ezvinhu. Funga zvakare pane yakakurumbira Jean-Baptiste Say.

Biography

Akazvarwa nhamba January 5, 1767 mu Lyon, mumhuri dzomutengesi, mumwe priori, kuti presupposes kuti ane zvinhu zvakadai entrepreneurial kugona. Zhan Batist Sey, pashure sokuwana nguva yakakwana ayo pakagadzwa, vakanonga kuzvinzwira kurovedza. Panguva iyoyo akanga kufurirwa Smith kuti pfungwa. Huru mirayiridzo kuti akwezvwe aiva upfumi enyika. In Pandaidzidza chirango akarava basa Smith kuti "Pfuma Nations." The pfungwa akadanidzira mubasa iri kunofanira kunge akawedzera kwete chete kune vabatsirwe yose France, asi munyika yose - saka akafunga Jean-Baptiste Say. Economic maonero mufananidzo okurega mukuru zvakadini pasi pokudzora zviitiko mukupera rechi18 - mangwanani 19th emakore. A rinokosha akanga reDare rwake rwokuenda England. Munyika ino, kusafanana France, rinotangira akatanga kubuda kwete zvokurima uye maindasitiri mabasa.

Tanga basa

Achidzokera muna 1789 kubva kuEngland, Sy anopinda kambani inishuwarenzi. Ikoko, akava munyori Claviere, vaizova Minister of Finance. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti rinotevera yepamutemo aidzidzira panguva, "Pfuma Nations" Smith. Pashure 3 years, Jean-Baptiste Say ndiye yakabatana Jacobins, akatumira muzvipiri hondo kuipandukira. Muna 1794 vakasuwa anosiya basa, akava mupepeti wemagazini Paris uye anoshanda kusvikira 1799 ndipo. rusununguko rwake uye mavambo, kutsoropodza tinyatsonzwisisa hurumende mabasa ari zvoupfumi nemauto vakabatsira kuti nokukurumidza uye akabudirira basa rake sezvo nhengo Finance Committee of Tribunal. Hunoshanda Zvakaitika hurumende, zivo yakadzama zviitiko kwesayenzi, pamwe omumwe Smith pfungwa rave pasina mubvunzo pave kunyora mabasa avo pachavo pamusoro nheyo dzidziso kuvandudza evanhu upfumi.

Jean-Baptiste Iti: "A bhuku enyika upfumi"

basa iri rine hukuru dhigirii rudzi kukosha. Pakati pezana remakore rechi18 kuFrance akatanga kubuda, uye munguva pfupi vakava akakurumbira chaizvo Physiocratic dzidziso. Vakaramba kugara aitungamirira chinzvimbo upfumi munyika, pasinei nokuti shanduro "PFUMA Nations" yakabudiswa muna 1802. Kurira pfungwa vomunyika kugona chete Jean-Baptiste Say. Muchidimbu, ake bhuku akava munhuwo mutsara nzira naro maumbirwo, kuparadzirwa uye kudyiwa upfumi. Basa iri ndiro chete pakutanga kuaona akadzokorora uye akadudzira pfungwa Smith. Mushure bhuku rinonzi pacharo, Jean-Baptiste Say nevamwe vake muEngland kuramba kushanda kuvandudza basa iri. Bhuku kwave kuchiita dzakawanda kuwedzererwa uye alterations. Kana mushandi anorarama kwebhuku rinonzi rakaitirwa kashanu. Basa pariri yachinja kuva yakanakisisa rondedzero nguva.

Misimboti nzira

Jean-Baptiste uti, kufanana nedzimwe Classics, yakavakirwa pfungwa yake muenzaniso sayenzi chaiwo. Somuenzaniso, muna wefizikisi wabatwa muenzaniso. Munguva methodological chinotaurwa zvinoreva kuzivikanwa Categories, mitemo uye pfungwa, vane chikuru uye zvakasikwa zvaanoreva. Pamwe izvi, maererano pfungwa Uti, political zvoupfumi uye mabasa sezvo yokungotaura chinoshamisa rairatidza. Figure mirawo akagamuchira nhungamiro wakasununguka kumusika, zvipfuwo uye vatorwa zvokutengeserana, Pricing, risingaperi makwikwi uye vasiri napaduku kuratidzwa protectionism. Akamutsa pfungwa semhedziso chinzvimbo. Kana vachigamuchira Concept Iti zvinovimbisa vanhu chinangwa kubviswa overproduction, underconsumption. Kureva, chokwadi, iye akatonga kunze zvinoita dambudziko iri pfungwa dzavo.

Pfungwa kubereka

In nhoroondo upfumi yokuti zita Uti Kazhinji chokuita mufananidzo musayendisiti vaitenda kubvumirana zvinodiwa zvakasiyana munzanga zviri pamusika ezvinhu. Akaparidzira nokuda kwayo atifarire nhungamiro upfumi Smith nokuzviremekedza yokudzora. Zvinofanira akati kuti kutsoropodza pfungwa Arayirwa Jean-Baptiste uti, pasinei vakawandisa kuedza kuramba unhu hwavo hwakasiyana, yakaramba sabatsira anopfuura zana. Aya kuenderera kwakakonzerwa zvitatu zvinokonzera. Rokutanga "kurongeka," Smith akataura Kuchinja mubayiro uye mitengo. Kana pusa basa mari Exchange basa uye ahwo pakati zvose musika masangano akanga vashanduri zvinobatsira. Maererano nepfungwa iyi, Jean-Baptiste Say akati kuti umwe nzira iri nyore isingagamuchiriki. Chechipiri, zvakare kwakavakirwa pfungwa Smith, izvozvo anobvisa chero chipingaidzo mune zveupfumi zvinhu panze. "Mutemo Iti kuti" anotsigira chinodiwa kuti kuderedza bureaucratic mamiriro midziyo, kurega protectionism. Uyezve, pfungwa progressiveness inofanotaura kukura pamusika ukama muvanhu pachishandiswa migumisiro nesayenzi uye michina mberi.

Musimboti "mutemo"

Chaiva chokuti kana nyaya uye ipapo nhengo dzose nzanga dzinokosha upfumi liberalism wedzerai (production) achaita kumutsa yakakwana vade (rinodyiwa). Ndiko, goho kuchaita vaunze mari kugadzikana izvo zvinhu kuchaita atengeswe pachena. Saka "Mutemo Iti kuti" akanga panoonekwa vatsigiri vose pfungwa upfumi liberalism. Vaidavira kuti munhu akasununguka uye kusanduka Pricing pamusika ezvinhu achava vanotsamwisa zvinenge nguva imwe pakupindura nokuchinja mamiriro ezvoupfumi. Izviwo, aizova vimbiso kuzvidzora mune upfumi. Kutaura zvazviri, kana tichifungidzira kuti ndingangokuvara ita mutengano ukama umo mari chete kuita kuverenga dzakabatana, apo zvachose kudiwa akaenzana kukosha zvinhu zvose kuti vakatsinhanisa nokuda mari, yose overproduction hazviiti. Nokudaro zvinonzwisisika uye pachena mhedziso Blaug. Aiva nyore tsananguro wemurairo, izvo zvakazoita Jean-Baptiste Iti - "zvigadzirwa vanobhadharwa kuti zvigadzirwa," - zvose yokumwe uye mumhuri kutengeserana. Pfungwa iyoyo akaita achitevedzera panguva.

Karla Marksa nekuongorora

Nhamba iyi vaiona akazviitira akatsiva pfungwa Smith kwete chete, asi Ricardo. Karl Marx kunyanya zvikuru akafumura pfungwa yokupedzisira uye nevaya kuudza chiratidzo Iti pamusoro chisingabviri zviri nematambudziko ari upfumi. Akataura pekusadziviririka cyclical (nenguva dzirikure) overproduction zvakavapo. Uyezve, Marx vaiona kukodzera kubata zvoupfumi sezvo dambudziko underconsumption. Panguva iyoyowo matambudziko chakajairika, maererano wepanguva Conceptual nzvimbo, zvinonzi zvakonzera kwete zvikuru uye kwete chete pfungwa wokusavimbika pamusoro uti, asi regularities ari prerequisites kuti chidzoke mamiriro ezvinhu evanhu vasina makwikwi, kukoshesa uye kuparadzirwa chindingindingi. Mapoka aya ndiwo hwaro huripo dzidziso mamiriro mutemo nhasi hupfumi nemauto, zvemagariro vadzore kwayo kukura.

Zvitatu zvinokonzera okuwana

pfungwa Say pane zveupfumi vakanga kunotsigirwa imwe nzira uye zvinoratidzwa mabasa Malthus. Somuenzaniso, imwe zvakajairika dzidziso yake inogadzirwa mari zvinenge zvachose inobva runoenderana akaisa mberi adarika. Saka, Sy akapa dzidziso nhatu kugadzirwa zvinhu: nyika, basa uye guta guru. Izviwo, inoratidza polarity pamusoro zvakabudiswa akaita vateveri Smith pfungwa. Kana Ricardo, Marx, magariro utopians, Sismondi, uye nezvimwe manhamba sezvo anokonzera kukosha zvigadzirwa vakaziva basa, vamwe chikamu vateveri sezvo muchikwata yepakutanga akagamuchira mari kuti azviise nedanho kugadzirwa nzira (guru), basa (basa) uye rents ( pasi), uyo akanga akatakura entrepreneur. Jean-Baptiste uti, Malthus uye vatsigiri vavo pfungwa kugadzirwa yokufambisa uye nhengo mari kwenzanga ndaona mune vagari akaidza uye ukama hune rugare pakati vagadziri. Vateveri Smith uye Ricardo akaona matangiro Mubereko rendi somunhu yaanobhadhara kubva Mari basa simba vashandi kushandisa guru uye neboka daka.

Dzidziso ukoshi

Panyaya nyaya iyi Sei aiva vamwe pachavo tsanangudzo dzavo. Zvisinei, haana chete akadzokorora pfungwa Smith, sezvo akanga achiparidza kunotsvaka pfungwa itsva. Somuenzaniso, yakavakirwa pafungidziro kuti nhumbi dziri nguva dzose mbiri vasingasiyani maitiro - nevatengi uye Exchange ukoshi, Sy akapa inokosha ukama kukosha uye utility nhumbi. Panguva iyoyowo zvikuru nezvayo akabhadhara kune vatatu kugadzirwa zvinhu. dudziro Smith yaingowanikwa mafungiro aiva inonyatsoita kuti zvinowanisa wechibharo mubayiro vashandi sezvo unotiranga, guta guru - Mari capitalists, nyika - varidzi kurenda nyika. Saka Sei akajekesa kuti izvi zvinhu vane yakazvimirira ukoshi vakagadzirira mberi.