Educational zvinyama: nerevane mamiriro

Evolution of kasvisto uye fauna of zvishoma nezvishoma zvakatungamirira kuti kuomesa resangano ravo. Naizvozvo, kuitika mhando siyana iguru zvokuti chete zvinoshamisa. The kuwedzera kunzwisisa kubva womukati mamiriro kwakaratidzwa shanduka bazi rimwe nerimwe.

Izvi zvinonyanya kubatsira zvirimwa vakakwanisa kuchinja pacharo apasi kwemarudzi kuti Underwater vakagara pasi pose-soro vamiririri, vane kunzwisisa zvemukati uye kwokunze marongerwo. Rinokosha izvi reDare kukura dzinokosha hurongwa - munyama anoumba unorema mhuka umambo.

Meristem: tsananguro uye pfungwa

Total Kune mhando shanu chikuru pamusoro munyama zvirimwa zvinenge. Pakati pavo pane zvinotevera:

• meristem, dzidzo kana tishu;
• kuti unganidza;
• conductive;
• zvemaziso;
• zvinokosha.

Mumwe nomumwe wavo ane chimiro, akasiyana mhando masero, uye anoita chinokosha basa muupenyu chirimwa. Special nzeve inofanira rejira rokudzidzisa chokwadi rinopa kukonzera anenge ose vamwe, uye anopa huru zvakasiyana chepfungwa miti nevamwe zvinenge - risingaperi kukura hwose.

Kana ukapa yakarurama zvipenyu tsanangudzo iyi mhando rejira, izvozvo icharira seizvi: rejira rokudzidzisa, kana meristem - a Generic zita imwe mhando zvinyama, iyo ine yezviri kupota upenyu masero, tichingotarisira unogovera uye nechokwadi kukura zvinomera zvavo.

Uyezve, zvinoita meristems kukonzera mhando dzakawanda dzakasiyana-siyana zvinyama pamuviri. Somuenzaniso, zvemaziso, conductive, uye nezvimwe unhani. Nokuda kupodzwa kwavo rikauya muchikuvadza nzvimbo pamusoro muviri chirimwa, kukurumidza kuzoita vakarasika zvivako (mashizha, zvidimbu hunde, mudzi). Tinogona kutaura nechivimbo kuti chinokosha edzidzo - chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha, izvo anobvumira miti zvivepo. Naizvozvo, ayo marongerwo uye mashandiro anoita kunyatsoongorora.

Masero edzidzo tishu. Vhuṱanzi

nezvemarudzi maviri chikuru masero vangazivikanwa, izvo anoumba meristem:

1. Polygonal, kana izodiametricheskie. Rine neerekitironi guru kwazvo, iyo anopindura zvinenge zvose dzomunyika nzvimbo. Itai ribosomes, mitochondria, vacuoles duku vakapararira yose cytoplasm. The goko chitete zvakakwana. Pakati vakanatswa-siyana akanaka. masero kwakadaro vanoumba eumeristemy. Vanopa simuka matombo ose akamendwa kuwedzera kuitisa.
2. Prozenhimnye masero. Ivo, nekusiyana, vacuoles guru chaizvo akazara muchitokisi muto. Pakati pachavo hwakabatana zvikuru dzine, pezvakaita elongate, cubic kana prismatic. jira Educational kuvakwa navo kunoita kuti tibvunze kuti conduction hurongwa, Kambia uye procambium zvinomera.

Nokudaro, zvichienderana nemhando masero dzichiumbwa jira yakatsunga uye akaita kwayo ushande.

Unogonawo sarudza nezvemarudzi maviri meristem masero:

1. Pakutanga - vachishingaira kupatsanura masero muupenyu kuitira kuunganidza zvachose guru chinokosha edzidzo. Vanopawo pave rimwe boka.
2. Dérivés masero - zvingasava rapfuura chimiro, ukuru, nhamba vacuoles, uye dzimwe parameters.

Mhando idzi pezvivako mune dzimwe yemiti anogona kazhinji kuva indistinguishable, kanenge morphologically.

Kazhinji, sechivako chinokosha edzidzo unokubvumira sarudza mhando dzakawanda anoumba kupatsanura kwayo.

kupatsanura pakati meristems

Hwaro anogona kuisa zviratidzo zvakasiyana shoma. Wokutanga wavo - ndiwo Morphology kwamakamuri vanoumba tishu. Nokuti ichi kunyanya mutsauko:

• shizha meristem - the cubic fomu monolayer sero Kamudzira, pova unhani jira;
• yedzidzo columnar jira - wezvamatongerwe makirisito madzinde muti hunde dzacho, prismatic masero pamwe batana deko;
• wandisa meristem - kukonzera kuvaka-muna ukobvu, hwaimiririrwa masero polygonal.

Zvichitevera zviratidzo nokuti kupatsanura - ndiko kugona kusiyanisa kupinda dzimwe hurongwa. On hwaro ichi zvose meristem inogona mapoka mapoka matanhatu:

1. Embryo jira edzidzo. zita raro anotaura pacharo. Anoumba chikuru fetus tishu.
2. Apical meristem, aizivikanwawo apical. Form: procambium, Epiderme e, conductive tishu parenchyma.
3. Wound jira edzidzo. Akaumba panguva zvinokuvadza nzvimbo uye zvinopa kukurumidza kupora vakarasika nhengo kana kunonoka paronda.
4. Intercalary - zvinopa intercalary kukura zvinomera kureba uye upamhi.
5. Side kana lateral - kupa thickening axial hurongwa muviri pedyo deposition pamusoro cambium kana phellogen.
6. Marginal meristem - kuti anoumba jira web.

Zvapedzisira kupatsanura, iro unogona kuudza yose meristem mapoka maviri - magene. Maererano naye, ivo akakamurwa:

• chikuru - pamwe apical embryonic munyama;
• Secondary - cambium, procambium uye nevamwe.

Zviri pachena kuti zvakasiyana-siyana kupatsanura inosimbisa kukosha kwezvinhu izvi, kunyanya basa ravo chirimwa upenyu.

mashizha meristem

jira ichi dzidzo, vane mabasa vari paumbwe Epiderme e hwomuti. It lamellar meristem pave coverslips zvinyama kuti achengetedze muviri kubva zvokunze ekushandiswa, kutsigira imwe chimiro uye mamiriro.

Masero ndiro jira edzidzo vanosarudzirwa imwe musara vakakamurwa kwazvo, uye perpendicular kuti kushanda muviri. Somugumisiro, dzokunze Epiderme e vakaumba zvinomera.

columnar tishu

Chimwe zita micheka izvi - Rod. Ivo vamuwanazve ive elongated prismatic zvinoumba muchitokisi mamiriro, izvo dziri pedyo nepedyo uye vane gobvu ganda zvakakwana.

Columnar zvinyama tibvunze kuti zvakazara anoumba chinoumba madzinde uye hunde dzacho zvinomera. Rakakamurwa mumasero zvinyama ndiyewo perpendicular kune axial zvomukati.

Wandisa meristem. tsananguro pfupi

Zvakakurukurwa chinokosha edzidzo rinonzi hombe kuti inoita muti kuunganidza vakawanda masero undifferentiated, izvo kutungamirira thickening uye kuwedzera uremu. Kana izvi zvaitika zviri zvikuru zvakaenzana.

Mune remangwana, neimwe sero gobvu dzikwanise mumwe kana mumwe jira kuti kushandiswa uye achaita mabasa ayo ushande. Saka kuumbwa, somuenzaniso, zvinyama nezvimwe sporangium.

Educational basa chirimwa tishu

The basa reDare meristem, hwakakura kwazvo. Unogona cherechedza zvinhu zvinokosha kupfuura mabasa akawanda anoitwa ne zvinyama pasi kukurukurwa:

1. Rinopa zvinomera vane mapfumo kukura hwose.
2. Kukonzera Kusiyanisa uye specialization nedzimwe mhando dzose dzomuviri pamuviri.
3. Nechokwadi chakaipa kukura zvinomera.
4. Kubvisa zvakakanganisika nokudzosa yakarasika marongerwo.

Zvisinei, chikuru basa kuteererwa Mucheka rokudzidzisa - ndiye kudzokororwa weboka masero uye kuunganidza hombe uremu zvichiita kushandiswa zvachose pakati chikamu chirimwa uye, naizvozvo, kuramba kukura kwayo uye basa hwose. Hazvina kuti chikonzero ichi kuti muviri mhuka uye vanhu zvinyama kwakadaro hakusi. Pashure pezvose, hairuki kuti majini kutsunga (pakutanga vaumbe ari genome) hukuru chete.

apical meristem

Ichi yedzidzo rejira, kushanda uye maumbirwo yatinofunga funga kuti chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha ose meristems. Kuti aite izvi, pane zvikonzero zvakawanda.

1. It Anonziwo zvinyama apical uye apical, sezvo pashure kukura mudumbu, rinoramba riri kukura pfungwa (chakaderedzwa mutengo kubva nhungirwa).
2. The apical meristem hunde nemidzi rinobvumira dzichiwedzera urefu.
3. Nokufamba kwenguva, zviri mudzoke kunyika apical zvinyama kuti maruva uye Inflorescence meristem, vachibvumira maruva yokuumba vose nhengo dzayo.
4. Rinopa kukonzera mamwe marudzi ose nyama edzidzo.

Saka, tiri kutaura pamusoro soro mwero kukosha apical meristems mu chirimwa upenyu.

In siyana iri munyama vane nomukaka akawanda kuti anoumba iri chirimwa muviri. Ivo ndeinotevera:

• raifukidzira jira;
• protoderma;
• procambium;
• conductive jira;
• zvinhu;
• wandisa.

Pamwe apical zviri zvine musoro uye lateral, kana lateral meristems. Vanopa simuka Kambia fellogenu uye dzinoumba inonzi zvindori pagore, zviri pachena kuoneka muchinjikwa zvikamu madzinde hunde dzacho.

Primary dzidzo jira

Hunosanganisira vekutanga wakaisa mumuviri embryo. Zvikurukuru, ndicho apical meristem embryo uye (apical). Vamwe vavo Vanochengetwa upenyu, apo vamwe kufa, achiumba chikuru mutumbi chirimwa.

Sezvo apical meristem, hatina kare kukurukurwa muudzame kumusoro, hapana chikonzero kudzokorora zvose zvakare. Primary zvinyama - ichi ndicho zvivako apical rokudzidzisa.

meristem yechipiri

boka iri zvinosanganisira muhombe meristem, izvo rinobvumira chirimwa panguva dzinouya zvokukura kukura kuvaka vakawanda. jira ichi dzidzo, vane mabasa vari kunyanya paumbwe nodules ose axial nhengo zvinomera.

A rinokosha mune mutambo uyu uye cambium phellogen. Kakawanda vakavhiyiwa meristem yechipiri kuuya pashure kuguma apical ikure chirimwa, asi pane kusaina. Somuenzaniso, panyaya iri cambium.

Uyewo chinokosha ndakakuvadza meristems, izvo zvinozoita kuti paumbwe callus - muchitokisi guru. Ivo sungisa nzvimbo kukuvara kana kuvadza chirimwa.