Dyarai munyama. Mhando chirimwa tishu

Zvekufamba, inotsanangura mhuka uye chirimwa munyama, aonekwa ari XVII remakore. Wokutanga botanical-anatomists - Grew Malpighi - akaongorora chinokosha vavo, uye akatanga pfungwa dzakadai prosenchyma uye parenchyma. Kazhinji, kudzidzwa zvivako kuitawo zvipenyu. Nemicheka vari kusiyana sezvamunoita, mabasa, mavambo. Next, funga zvikuru zvinokosha zviri zvivako izvi. Nyaya iri tafura chirimwa munyama. Mariri unogona kuona huru Mapato pezvivako, avo nzvimbo uye mabasa.

Biology: jira. kupatsanura

Scheme kuparadzana hurongwa maererano vasiri zvinangwa yambokurukurwa uye Simon Schwendener Gaberlandtom dzoro XIX-XX emakore. Dyarai munyama mapoka masero muchiva mavambo, homogeneous akafanana uye uchishanda chete basa. Kupatsanura pezvivako rinoitwa maererano akasiyana zvinodiwa. Somuenzaniso, kureva chirimwa munyama:

• Key.
• Conductive.
• Meristem (dzidzo).
• Bemhapemha.
• Excretory.
• Mechanical.

Kana chirimwa rinenge masero ane zvakawanda kana zvishoma chete marongerwo uye mabasa, dzinonzi nyore. Kana zvinhu hazvina kufanana, saka yose gadziriro anonzi kunzwisisa kana yakaoma. Mhando chirimwa rinenge ari muboka yakakamurwa, uyewo, kuboka. Somuenzaniso, mamiriro edzidzo dzinosanganisira:

• Apical.
• Side - yechipiri (phellogen, cambium) uye chikuru (pericycle, procambium).
• Ronda.
• Intercalary.

Types chikuru mhando chirimwa rinenge anosanganisira stocking uye kuitwa parenchyma. Conductive hurongwa vaiona phloem (bast) uye xylem (huni).

Coverslips (pamuganhu) chirimwa munyama:

• Exterior: yechipiri (periderm), chikuru (Epiderme e), tertiary (ritidom kana svuura); VELAM, rizoderma.
• Internal: exogenous uye endoderm, parietal masero ari kuitisa tsapo mashizha.

Zvokuimba mamiriro (marangwanda, panotaurwa) akakamurwa sclerenchyma (sklereidy fibers), collenchyma. Uye yokupedzisira boka ndivo excretory (secretory) kuti chirimwa munyama.

Educational hurongwa: zvinokosha

Izvi chirimwa rinenge (meristem) vari boka duku nguva dzose, kushingaira kupatsanura masero. Ivo dziri munzvimbo ikure siyana nhengo. Somuenzaniso, vangava pamusoro misoro madzinde, mudzi mazano, uye dzimwe nzvimbo. Nokuda kuvapo ari chirimwa muchitokisi rinenge tsika chinhu chinoramba kukura uye paumbwe kugara okunze uye nhengo.

Features meristem

Zvichienderana nzvimbo rokudzidzisa chirimwa sero rinenge vanouwana kungava apical (apical), divi (lateral) gusset (intercalary) ronda. Zvivako zviri zvakare rakakamurwa yechipiri uye chepuraimari. Ekupedzisira zvinosanganisira apical siyana chirimwa tishu. zvivako izvi ndezvipi kukura tsika pakureba. In dzakakwirira repasi yakarongwa miti (ferns, horsetails) apical meristem anosiyana zvakaneta akaratidza. Vari paakapiwa kwokutanga mumwe chete, kana sero chepuraimari. In angiosperms uye gymnosperms apical meristem akaratidza kwazvo. Vari hunomiririrwa nhamba masero kwokutanga, izvo zvinoumba kukura pasikweya. Lateral hurongwa kazhinji yechipiri. Nemhaka kwavari unotakurwa kuwanda midzi, madzinde (axial mitumbi mu general) mu ukobvu. Side maonero chirimwa rinenge - nayo phellogen uye cambium. Kuburikidza mabasa wokutanga paumbwe nemidzi uye dzakanzi kuti koko. To boka iri ndezvaJehovha jira airing - lenticels. Lateral meristem sezvo cambium, phloem zvinhu zviri kuumbwa uye STRUCTURAL matanda. In yatinenge rwakashata zvipenyu miti iri kuderera kana kumira basa cambium zvakakwana. Intercalary meristems, sezvinoita mutemo, inokosha. Akachengetwa sezvo vakaparadzana migove munzvimbo dzine basa kukura: mujinga petiole uye internode uswa mashizha, somuenzaniso.

tectum

Mabasa chirimwa rinenge boka iri kudzivirira tsika kubva nemigumisiro kwezvakatipoteredza zvinhu. Negative zvinofurira, ndivo vanofanira kunzi kunyanya kwemvura, zuva overheating, nokuomesa mhepo, zvokuimba kukuvara, ingress mabhakitiriya uye pathogenic notumwe. Kune nesekondari bhizimisi tishu. chikamu chokutanga chinosanganisira rhizodermis uye svuura (Epiderme e). The yechipiri bemhapemha micheka tenda phelloderm, koko cambium, koko.

Features pezvivako

Skin akafukidzwa ose nhengo ose Annual, muti perennial zvirimwa mwaka uno wokukura - green mabukira, zvarwo, zvinomera - herbaceous zvemuchadenga nhengo. The yokupedzisira, kunyanya, ndivo mashizha, maruva, madzinde.

The nemamiriro chirimwa munyama: Epiderme e

kazhinji mamiriro ayo inosanganisira mumwe paiva kuvharwa STRUCTURAL zvinhu. Panyaya iyi, iyo intercellular nzvimbo chisipo. The Epiderme e yabviswa zvikuru nyore uye ari pachena mutete firimu. Izvi zvinyama mupenyu kuitika munhu protoplast rukoko aiva nezvishoma pamwe chinoumba uye leucoplasts, chikuru vacuole. The yokupedzisira rinotangira anenge musero yose. Rusvingo rwokunze STRUCTURAL zvinhu ane thickened Epiderme e yomukati uye divi - mutete. Ekupedzisira vane pores. The chikuru Chinangwa Epiderme e ndiwo mutemo transpiration uye gasi exchange. Voitakura kunze zvikuru kuburikidza stomata. Inorganic yeimwe uye mvura zvinopfuura pores. Siyana chirimwa Masero ari Epiderme e akasiyana hukuru uye zvitarisiko. monocots Vakawanda STRUCTURAL okunze, elongated pakureba. Most dicotyledonous zvinomera sinuous mativi. Izvi Kunowedzera arambe achirema nezvezvakanga zvavo mumwe nomumwe. Nemamiriro Epiderme e iri pamusoro uye nechepasi jira akasiyana. Akawira zvakawanda stomata kupfuura pamusoro. In hwemvura zvinomera mashizha akayangarara pamusoro pemvura (mvura rehapa, zai capsules), ine peculiarities ayo. Vane stomata varipo chete yokumusoro chikamu ndiro. Asi miti, kunyudzwa zvizere mvura, zvichiumba Data havana kuwanikwa.

stomata

Izvi zvikuru kushandiswa inotungamirwa ari Epiderme e. Stomata panofanira 2 cheap car insurance uye masero murindi - inotungamirwa therebetween. Structural zvinhu vane kirisendi chimiro. Ivo waidzora kukura slots-zvakadai inotungamirwa. It, akavapindurawo, vanogona kuvharwa uye akazarura maererano turgor kufurirwa ari nokukiya zvinhu zvichienderana wevasungwa kuti carbon dioxide inobvisa mumhepo uye zvimwewo. Masikati stomatal masero vanobatanidzwa photosynthesis. Panguva iyi, turgor kufurirwa zvakakwirira, uye paumbwe imwe mutswe yakazaruka. Manheru ndiko nekusiyana, rakavharwa. Fani iyi vakacherechedzawo mumwaka wokusanaya, uye wilting mashizha. Zviri nokuda kukwanisa kuchengeta mukati stomata unyoro.

Core hurongwa

Parenchyma inoremekedzwa akawanda nzvimbo pakati dzimwe nzvimbo dzomuviri zvechigarire mune hunde, midzi uye dzimwe chirimwa nhengo. Basic mamiriro ainyanya rinoumbwa masero mapenyu vane siyana maumbirwo. Masero zvingaitika, mutete-namasvingo, asi dzimwe nguva akawana uye thickened, lignified, nyore pores postennoy cytoplasm. Of parenchyma anoumbwa mashizha nemichero pulp, chinoumba pakati rhizomes madzinde, kuhukura yavo. Kune subgroups wandei tishu ichi. Saka, pakati chikuru hurongwa musiyano pneumatic, aquifer, chitoro uye kuitwa. Mashandiro anoita chirimwa nyama ari muchikwata ichi ine kuchengetera muviri yeimwe.

chlorophyll parenchyma

Hlorenhima - kuitwa rinenge - chivako umo photosynthesis kunoitika. zvinhu ayo kusiyaniswa matete masvingo. In pavo pane musimboti uye chloroplasts. Ekupedzisira, kufanana cytoplasm, yaiva postenno. Hlorenhima iri zvakananga pasi ganda. Mostly zviri kusimbiswa vechiduku nhungirwa manyoro uye mashizha.

Aerenchyma

jira Pneumatic marongerwo pamwe zvakakwana yakatanga intercellular dzezvimwe siyana dzomuviri. Most zvose maitire marshy, mvura uye riri pamhenderekedzo mvura tsika vane midzi vari okisijeni-murombo madhaka. Mhepo kunosvika dzakaderera miviri achishandisa chinja miviri. Uyezve, kutaurirana pakati intercellular dzezvimwe uye mhepo akatakurirwa emandiriri pnevmatod. Aerenchyma nokuda inorwara zvinomera ipfupi. Izvi zviri pachena, anotsanangura mano aquaculture kuramba wakarurama chinzvimbo, uye mashizha - kuva pamusoro pemvura.

aquifers

jira Izvi anochengeta mwando muna madzinde mashizha muto zvinomera uye zvirimwa sesaline munzvimbo. Aimbova Somuenzaniso, zvinosanganisira cacti, Jade, agave uye Aloe vamwe. Rechipiri - womutamarisiki, strobilaceum, hodgepodge, uye vamwe. Well dzakabudirira zvinyama iyi sphagnum Moss.

kuti wemari mamiriro

In munyama izvi, pane dzimwe nguva kukura tsika anotanga kuti vateye kupanana zvigadzirwa. Izvi, zvikurukuru, mafuta, makabhohaidhiretsi, uye vamwe. Masero ari kuchengetwa munyama, kazhinji mutete-nemasvingo. Structure nevakawanda kumiririrwa mu thickened midzi, Mabumba, tubers, madzinde chinoumba, mbeu utachiona, endosperm, uye dzimwe nzvimbo.

Machine cover

The anotsigira nyama ave rudzi chisimbiso kana "stereoma" (kubva muchiGiriki. "Zvikukutu", "hunogara"). Chinangwa chikuru chemusha ndiyo inonzi nemishonga pezvivako simba uye kunofambira mberi zvinorema. Saka micheka vane chaicho yakarongeka. In pano zvirimwa vari kupfuura mberi muchikamu axial of nhungirwa - hunde. Masero unogona kurongwa peripherally vakaparadzana nzvimbo kana rakasimba humburumbira.

collenchyma

Zviri nyore chikuru kutsigira jira ane mhenyu sero kugutsikana: cytoplasm, neerekitironi, dzimwe nguva chloroplasts. Kune mapoka matatu collenchyma: kufukurwa, ndiro uye angled. kupatsanura iri kuitwa maererano yezvakaita thickening masero. Kana zviri pamusoro pamakona, ari angled mamiriro, kana akaererana pemvura panguva hunde uye yunifomu zvakakwana, zviri collenchyma ndiro. It akaumba chinokosha rezita meristem uye riri pasi Epiderme e nechokure mumwe kana kupfuura akaturikidzana nayo.

sclerenchyma

Izvi zvinyama zvemaziso runoonekwa kuva zvakajairika. Inoitwa STRUCTURAL zvinhu pamwe lignified uye thickened noruvara slotted masvingo uye pores duku shoma. Sclerenchyma masero ari refu, vari kuzivikanwa prozenhimnaya chimiro rwakavakwa miromo.

The conductive hurongwa

micheka izvi zvinopa chokufambisa inotonhorera yeimwe. Voitakura kunze nenzira mbiri. Transpiration (pazasi) kuitika uye aqueous mapedzero ose munyu ndiwo tracheids uye midziyo kubva pamidzi kusvika mashizha achitevedza hunde. Kuitwa (rigone) inofamba rinobva nemativi ekumusoro kuti pachivande pachishandiswa chinokosha phloem nomusero sepombi. jira Conductive anogona mune dzimwe nzira kuenzaniswa kweropa nyika vanhu, nokuti ane TOUR uye axial Network. Zvinovaka muviri kwazviri musero rose romuviri.

secretory fibers

Secretory zvinyama - dzidzo chaiyo, anokwanisa kutaura kana agopfigira chinhu chacho droplet ezvinhu uye zvibereko muviri. Last zita zvakavanzika. Kana vachibva muti, ipapo rokunze secretion zvinobatanidzwa zvinyama uye kana kuruboshwe mukati - azvaitwa kurukura zvemukati marongerwo. Inotungamirwa emura zvigadzirwa nokuda Kamudzira basa uye Golgi yakaoma. Zvakavanzika ichi mhando yakagadzirirwa kudzivirira mbesa kubva pakuparadzwa nemhuka, kunokanganisa nokuda utachiona kana nezvipembenene. Kwemakemikari anobudiswa zvivako zviri muchimiro nebwe inofamba idioblast, zvinonhuwirira migero mlechnikov, pangagara kuti zvinoyerera, uye mamwe omumuviri.

Table chirimwa munyama