Denisova Cave muna Altai. Denisova Cave - archeological Monument of Mountains Altai

Mumwoyo Asia, apo achatanga Altai makomo, mu nzvimbo mumupata Anouilh ndiyo inozivikanwa Denisova Cave. It riri pamuganhu Ust-Kan uye Soloneshensky District, pedyo nomusha Black Anuj (4 km) uye 250? Km kubva muguta Biisk. Denisova Cave rinokwira 670 metres pamusoro pegungwa.

Origin of zita

Maererano yekare ngano, ndiro zita mubako akanga nokuti kuti kuguma XVIII remakore maigara mumwe Old Vakatendeka - munamati Dhionisio (Denis munyika). Aiva mufundisi kuti kuzvikudza misha iri pedyo, uye Kerzhaks kazhinji vakauya Sero ake mazano uye chikomborero. At pakutanga XIX remakore kuna Denisova Cave muna Altai nevapristi mamishinari kurega kunzwa chero kufarira.

Panguva iyoyo muna 1926, paaifamba Altai, mubako akashanyira akakurumbira Russian uye Soviet akiyorojisiti uye Artist kukuru N. K. Rerih.

Veko kudana mubako Ayu-Tash, iro anoshandura se "The Bear kuti Stone". Kubva kuzvizvarwa nezvizvarwa ivo zvinoparadzira tsika kuti pano kare vaigara Black Shaman - akatsamwa uye simba kwazvo. chero nguva Aigona dzikava chihombe nebere. akaipa uyu ngano National akatonga Altaic nomad mumisasa, vanovamanikidza kubhadhara mutero hombe.

Kana asingateereri, ari kushandisa uroyi ake inounganidzwa pamusoro mubako makore, iye sculpted maari ibwe guru uye akapeta nayo megomo. Where kuisa ibwe nzira, havana kurega mabhanan'ana, izvo akaparadza mafuro uye zvirimwa.

Desperate vanhu vakatanga kunyengetera kubatsirwa namwari mukuru - Ulgen, uyo akakwanisa kukunda mumanikidzi. Mabhanan'ana ibwe akavanza zvakanaka kure mubako maberere.

Chokwadi, ichi ndicho chete yezvechitendero kuti unochengeta Denisova Cave. Soloneshensky District (Altai Territory), uye zvikuru zvakananga vagari pedyo musha (Black Anouilh), kazhinji mhosva matongo, uyo kwemakore mazhinji, "chinhu kuchera mubako." Vagari vanodavira kuti ndiyo vanochera matongo mhosva kukuvadza okunze, chokwadi, maererano navo, Zvaringana kutyora kubva shamanic ibwe zvikuru tuduku ikakuruma - uye nemvura inosimbiswa kwemazuva maviri.

Altay, Denisova Cave: tsananguro

On rimwe nemitenusirwa yamakomo, vashoma metres pamusoro mugwagwa anopa yakafara wokupinda kubako. nharaunda Its - 270 akaenzana mamita. m, urefu - 110 metres. The bako rine "nechepakati horo" pasuo uye pakadzika mbiri duku mukati padombo.

Cavern pamberi

The mubereko mukuru matongo cavern, riri pasuo. Inogona kuvhurwa kubudikidza foramen ovale. Encombrements mainsail -. 32h7 kukwirira uye upamhi maberere kunowedzera kure chiyamuro. The widest chikamu kunosvika 11 mamita.

Muna cavern ane mapazi akawanda. Vaviri vavo - iri zvakananga kuenderera webako. In yokumusoro chikamu mune kuburikidza hole dhayamita zvishoma kupfuura mita. The bravest Vafambi vanokwira uye kuyemura zvikuru maonero. Kuburikidza buri ichi, mubako chinopinda yepanyama chiedza, saka vazhinji zviri zvakanaka akafukidzwa. Pano rose gore pakaoma, kuti cavern iri, wakafanana mumazuva ekare, yakanaka dzinongoitika utiziro mhuka uye vanhu, kudzivirirwa okunze.

First vakashanda pano Geophysics "ainzwika" bako, achishandisa midziyo yake chaiyo, uye akasarudza kuti nechepakati horo uye mwaranzi yacho maberere - ndiko chete kutanga chihombe maturo, vachisiya zvakadzama mudombo. Zvino izvi womukati mhango riri kufashamirwa zvakakwana guru paiva emadhaka.

tsvakurudzo

The dzokutanga tsvakurudzo muna Denisova Cave muna Altai mudunhu (nechepakati horo) akanga anozivikanwa Siberian Mazvikokota Nicholas mbuo uyo akaisa gomba maviri ubanguranyika wokutanga uye akaita nezviyero zvinowanikwa panguva rwokuzvarwa munyika inotungamirwa muna 1978. Panguva iyoyowo, vanochera matongo vakaongorora chinhu, iyo inotungamirwa Academician A. P. Okladnikov.

The zvikuru nguva dzose akamutsa masayendisiti Altai Mountains mubako. Denisova bako pashure zvidzidzo zvokutanga zvishoma nezvishoma akapinda nhoroondo munyika mumatongo.

Somuenzaniso, makawanikwa mukuru nemagariro akaturikidzana yeugaro kwevanhu kuSiberia. Ndezvenguva Paleolithic yaitonga, uye zera rake ane makore 282,000. Kare, paiva dzidziso kuti vekare vanhu munharaunda yaisagona kuonekwa kwokutanga pane zviuru 50-30 Makore BC. e. The Kucherwa akaratidza kuti munguva dzekare mezvikomo of Altai akafukidzwa Deciduous masango, izvo vanokura hornbeam, manchzhursky walnuts, nemiouki uye kuchamhembe mhando sengere. In North Asia, munhu anoramba Neanderthal nguva dzawanikwa.

Masayendisiti anodavira kuti Denisova bako - archeological Monument Makomo Altai. Vakaziva kupfuura 50,000 ibwe zvicherwa zvakawanwa, zvishongo siyana zvakaitwa mapfupa; akaunganidza huru wemabhuku mhuka mapfupa. Chokwadi, dzinonakidza kuwanikwa - pfuma simbi zvinhu ndezvaJehovha XIV remakore, buri iyo kuchengeta zviyo iyoyowo, endarira banga.

Kushandiswa mubako dzakasiyana

In IV-III chemakore, panguva Afanasiev tsika, Denisova bako waishandiswa sezvo utiziro vafudzi uye mombe. Kuti achengete mukati mhuka akakombwa kure vakasununguka mumapako uye niches. Vafudzi aivhima nezvikara, gwai nyama kudyiwa chete sezvo chokupedzisira, apo kunovhima kwakanga kwakundikana. Izvi kunosimbiswa pfumo nemiseve. The zvedongo midziyo zvakachengetwa mvura. Nokuti vachiuraya akashandisa ibwe maturusi, izvo zvakaitwa pano. Izvi runoratidzwa tsvina, izvo zvinowanikwa nevanhu archeologists.

Achiri havaratidzi kunzwisisa sei kushandisa kubako chizvarwa tsika Bronze Age.

Nokuti muSitiya nguva kunoratidzwa tsika deposits simba, zvichiratidza munhu kwenguva refu pokugara kwevanhu mubako. Zviri dzigare mairi wezvokudya - nyama, tsanga nezvinogadzirwa nomukaka, sezvo nguva dzose aiva tembiricha yakaderera.

Huns uye vokuTurkey vakashandisa ichi dzinongoitika chinhu nokuda mutsika mitambo. By nokuwanda archeological zvakabudiswa, padanho kukosha kwavo sainzi, masayendisiti akawanda inofananidza ichi zvinoshamisa bako kuti mapiramidhi yeIjipiti yekare. Vazhinji vanodavira kuti migumisiro Zvakafukunurwa kunze ari Denisova Cave, voruzhinji kuonesesa sezvo zvishoma shamisa pane muEgipita. Zvisinei, zvakanga vakawana chinhu kuti yakanetsa munyika sayenzi.

zvinoshamisa kuwanikidza

Vanochera matongo akapora kubva regumi rukoko mubako anoramba ane wamboonekwa mhando sayenzi hwevanhu vekare. On ichi, masayendisiti rakashuma muna inonzi Nature muna 2010. Vanhu vanobva Denisova Cave zvakafanana kure majini kubva Neanderthal uye ano Homo sapiens. By maonero ichi, vaongorori vakasvika shure rwaiwanikwa nokuda genome, akachengeta zvinyama ivhu - mapfupa phalangeal of thumbs uye matadza nezino.

pfuma inokosha chaizvo

Gore negore, kwebhokisi ose akawana Denisova Cave akava muedzo nevatsvakurudzi. Kwakasarudzwa kuvaka nzvimbo ino munda musasa nesayenzi. Kubvira 1982, Novosibirsk masayendisiti akatanga kuongorora kubako nguva nenguva. Nokuti basa ravo, ivo akakwezva nyanzvi pakati Profiles dzakasiyana kwete chete kubva kuRussia asiwo kubva kuJapan, USA, Korea, Belgium uye dzimwe nyika.

Denisova bako runochengetedzwa UNESCO. Zvino musasa tsvakurudzo yazova kwesayenzi sangano pamwe mumarabhoritari dhesiki. It inoshanyirwa mukuru basa akawana zvinhu zvaishandiswa. Gore negore pane zvidzidzo vanopfuura 100 matongo uye vanachiremba nevamwe minda nesayenzi. Makore 30 Zvakafukunurwa, masayendisiti vakakwanisa kuongorora chete duku chikamu mubako.

Decoding DNA vagari Denisova Cave

Nhasi achiongorora zvaive mashoko zvikaramba kubva phalanx uye zino, uye DNA zvidzidzo kuzosimbisa kuziviswa rutsva kwevanhu munyika yekare. Zvakabuda zvidzidzo kujekesa nzira iyo yakatanga. Genome wenyika chiratidzazvizhinji ichi ichienzaniswa genomes makumi mashanu nemana vezera redu kubva kumativi ose enyika, pamwe DNA womunhu yekare uye matanhatu Neanderthals.

Zvinobva anonakidza zvikuru. Masayendisiti akawana kuti "denisovtsy" vakabviswa chaiwo kukura bazi dzevanhu pamusoro miriyoni apfuura uye vakatanga ichishanduka pachavo, asi zvinosuwisa, ichi nzira ndakadzidzawo kuva akafa magumo.

Human shanduka vafambira mberi yakananga Neanderthals uye Homo sapiens. Makore anenge 400 zviuru akapfuura, mhando izvi akaenda dzakasiyana kukura nzira. Chechipiri kwakakonzera kuti chidzoke murume ano, uye wokutanga akaita apinda akafa magumo.

Denisova Cave muna Altai aro zvinoratidza

Zvino masayendisiti anodavira kuti tsika vomumapako vakanyanya yepamusoro kupfuura Neanderthals, uyo kamwe kugarwa akapoteredza dombo.

Neanderthals vaiva Ezvemutauro ibwe (scrapers, arrowheads, etc.), nechitarisiko chakatodzana Western chinhu. The Denisova Cave yakawanikwa mapfupa nemagariro uye upenyu, kufambidzana makore 50,000 shure. Maererano matongo zvinhu zvinoenderana zvizere netsika dzevanhu, ane ano chitarisiko.

Zvakaonekwa kwete chete ibwe asiwo pfupa zvinhu, nematurusi. Asi vakanga vaitira yakagozha nzira. Somuenzaniso, imwe vakasiyana (anenge 5 masendimita) ibwe tsono, dzakanga akachera lugs.

yakanaka rundarira

Mukuwedzera, mubako vakawana kushongedzwa guru ibwe, iyo anochinja omumwe chinyakare murume. Ndivo nezvinhu zviviri norundarira hloditolita - ibwe, rakanga vakauya kubva Rudny Altai, riri mazana maviri namakumi mashanu chete kubva mubako.

A chisingawanzowaniki chicherwa kuti anogona kuchinja ruvara zvichienderana chiedza. Norundarira rinorondedzera dzomunyika dzikapupurira, asi chinonyanya chinoshamisa ndechokuti kuchera akanga akatakurwa ari muchina.

Michina iyi rave richishandiswa nevakawanda chete neolithic nguva, saka kare zvakanzi vaidavira kuti akanga asina kupfuura zviuru nemashanu. A zvinoshamisa rundarira rakawanikwa marongera kudanana shure 50 makore zviuru!

norundarira ongororo yakaratidza kuti, zvichida, yaiva nyaya nezvakawanda. In chete layer iri marozari vaakawana akaita ane Mhou zai goko vakauya kubva Transbaikalian kana Mongolia. Zvose izvi zvinoratidza refu azvipire pakukura vagere Denisova Cave - zvokunamata, zvemagariro, aesthetic uye kwesayenzi.

Sei akanyangarika "denisovtsy"?

Mhinduro chaiyo yomubvunzo uyu haana kuwanikwa. Zvino tinogona chete kutaura nechivimbo kuti munguva dzekare yaivapo Altai imwe mhando yekare vanhu. Nomumapako, yaiva sosedsttvu Denisov, dzasara Neanderthals akawanikwa, idzo dzinenge imwe nguva. Izvi zvinoreva kuti marudzi maviri murume yekare aigona kutaura. Zvisinei, mukuru mukuru Data kwesayenzi hakuwaniki asi.