Concept uye mhando sarudzo. The mitemo of Russian Federation iri sarudzo

Elections - Election vakuru vanogara. nzira iyi ndiyo inonyanya kukosha chimiro ehurumende kuita upenyu enyika uye voruzhinji munyika. Nhasi, munyika dzakawanda munyika dzine zvimwe kana vamwe sarudzo, akavonga iyo yakaumbwa uye chakachinja chepamutemo simba.

Pfungwa sarudzo

Suffrage - anokosha subspecies kodzero enshrined mune inokosha mutemo - Bumbiro Remitemo. Pasina hazvibviri kufungidzira vakasununguka veruzhinji. Kuvhota - Implementation kuti basa suffrage vemo (kurudyi kupawo simba vakuru).

At paro, pfungwa yesarudzo iri zvakabatana chaizvo kuti pfungwa yacho nesarudzo emuviri uye mutemo nesarudzo. In neimwe nyika, nguva kuvhota kuitwa pamutemo kugadziriswa.

The mitemo nesarudzo pamusoro Russian Federation

MuRussia ano, pasarudzo anofanira kusarudzwa wevatariri pamusoro waifarirwa nemakanzuru parliaments, purezidhendi, mayors uye vakuru vanotongwa Federation. Kune mabhuku anoverengeka mutemo nesarudzo munyika. Izvi zviito normative (mitemo) kuti waidzora nzira kuti kuvhota.

Pfungwa sarudzo uye nzvimbo yavo muupenyu munyika takatsunga nebumbiro remitemo, nemitemo enyika, ndima, maguta, uye Constitution of Zimbabwe, wakaumbwa Federation. Izvi mitemo yose yenhoroondo kwazvino Russian Federation chinoramba hwaro hwayo nesarudzo hurongwa.

Kune mitemo chaiyo. Izvi kuchikonzerwa mutemo yeUnited akapfuura muna 2002. chinangwa chacho chikuru - kuti pave vagari venyika Russian Federation kuchengetedza kodzero dzavo dzokuvhota. mutemo uyu yeUnited rinotsanangura kuvhota nzira uye nhungamiro mushandirapamwe. Kwemakore, gwaro kuenda kuburikidza kudzokororwa kwemaBhaibheri ekare akawanda uye edits. Kunyange zvakadaro, pasinei ose okunatsiridza, ayo chikuru chaizvo inoramba zvakafanana.

Kuchinja mutemo nesarudzo iri cyclical. Zvinonzi rakapepetwa kupindura kuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu enyika. Somuenzaniso, mashoko gubernatorial sarudzo dzakanga aparadza muna 2004 uye makore mashomanana gare gare vakanga vadzoka. kuchinja akazvimirira vari pasi mirayiro inokosha uye mirayiro President of Russian Federation. Mamwe mashoko ari nesarudzo mitemo vari mukati kugona of Central Election Commission uye State Duma. Naizvozvo, sarudzo kuvimba zvavakarayira uye sarudzo.

Direct uye zvisina kunanga sarudzo

Kakawanda inoti vakatora zvakananga uye democratic sarudzo. Izvi zvinoreva kuti vakuru vakuru zvakananga anosarudza kuti mugari. polling dzemapurisa anoshanda dzokuvhota. A mugari wenyika unocherekedza sarudzo yake pamusoro nokuvhota. Kuda vanhu vagara vandifungira uwandu kuchengetedzeka izvi.

Kuwedzera kutungamirira, anonziwo vaishora kwavari zvisina kunanga musarudzo. The yakakurumbira Muenzaniso wakadaro hurongwa ndiye United States. Kana zvisina kunanga nesarudzo, kuti voter akapa masimba aro electors (sezvo zvavanozozvidemba kushandura kuda vavhoti dzavo uye kupedzisa sarudzo). Uyu yakaoma uye dzinovhiringidza ezvinhu vagamuchirwa munyika dzakasiyana kunonyanya kukonzerwa kuzvipira kuna tsika. Somuenzaniso, haana kusarudzwa vagari vari US mutungamiri uye Electoral College. Saizvozvowo, mbiri-dhigirii inoumbwa yokumusoro imba Indian Parliament.

Alternative uye non-dzimwe sarudzo

Two sarudzo system (imwe nzira uye asiri ehurumende), kuona chimiro yose nesarudzo gadziriro, zvisinei ayo zvimwe zvinhu. Chii hunhu hwavo, uye musiyano? Alternativeness zvinoratidza kuti munhu ane sarudzo pakati akawanda musarudzo. Panyaya iyi, vagari vanosarudza kuti akasiyana zvachose kumushora mapurogiramu enyika uye pfungwa.

Uncontested sarudzo dziri airarama rimwe bato (kana zita) pamusoro nokuvhota. Nhasi, ane maitiro akadaro anenge kushanda yakanyangarika zvakafanana tsika. Asi sarudzo uncontested zvinochengeterwa mune rimwe bato hurongwa nyika apo simba inogona anomanikidza kana udzvinyiriri.

Majoritarian nesarudzo maitiro

Munyika nhasi pane mhando dzakasiyana chaizvo sarudzo. Kunyange zvazvo nyika imwe neimwe kwakasimbiswa rakasiyana tsika yayo, pane zvakawanda anokosha kuitika. Somuenzaniso, mumwe rakajairika nesarudzo hurongwa - majoritarian. Musarudzo zvakadaro, munyika nharaunda rakakamurwa maruwa, uye mumwe nomumwe wavo vakatakura vhoti yake (pamwe nemamwe mazita evamiriri).

Kunyanya vanobudirira munyika ruzhinji marongedzero nesananguro muparamende. Nemhaka yake mumiririri muviri nokuwa dzimwe nhengo dzeParamende, vanomiririra zvinodiwa munyika dzose pasina chaakasiya kumatunhu. Kazhinji, munhu aikwikwidza riri vachimhanya kubva woruwa, chizvarwa raakanga pachake ndiye. Paakangosvika reparamende, nhengo dzakadaro achava akajeka uye chaiwo pfungwa nezvido vanhu akavhotera pavo. Zvakange zvakadaro yakanaka chimiro akaita mumiririri basa. Zvakakosha zvaidiwa nheyo chii chaizvo zviri muparamende mavhoti hapana MP uye akasarudzwa vemo uye nhumwa kwaari.

Types ruzhinji hurongwa

Ruzhinji Hurongwa rakakamurwa subspecies zvitatu. Chokutanga - nheyo semhedziso ruzhinji. Muchiitiko chino, kuti kuhwina, mumwe kubhabhatidzwa vanofanira kuwana kupfuura hafu mavhoti. Kana hazvibviri Pakutanga kuziva munhu aikwikwidza kwakadaro, kuchavapo sarudzo inokosha. vanhu vaviri munyaya navo, kunobatsira iyo vakawanda mavhoti. Hurongwa akadaro kakawanda chaiwo nokuti ari matunhu neminisiparati musarudzo.

Murayiro wechipiri inobatana hama ruzhinji. Maererano naye, mumiriri kuhwina zvakakwana kwemasvomhu paanopfuura chero anokumhan'arira, kunyange kana nhamba asingadi kukunda pachikumbaridzo 50%. Zvizhinji vashoma rechitatu musimboti chokuita anokwanisa ruzhinji. Muchiitiko chino, uine munhu yakananga vanofanira kuhwina mavhoti.

Proportional nesarudzo maitiro

Mhando Common sarudzo kwakavakirwa bato kumiririrwa. Maererano nenheyo iyi, Proportional hurongwa inoshanda. Anoumba kusarudzwa miviri kuburikidza bato mazita. Yokungosarudzwa ari County, wacho anogona kumirira zvido zvematongerwo sangano (semuenzaniso, vaKomonisiti kana liberals), asi pamusoro zvose rinopa vagari pachavo chirongwa chavo.

Kana bato mazita Proportional hurongwa handizvo. Akadaro kuvhota sarudzo inhau ezvematongerwo enyika nemasangano, pane munhu negwaro. Pausiku sarudzo yebato zvinoumba mazita avo musarudzo. Zvadaro, mushure sarudzo, ose kufamba ropiwa zvigaro dzeparamende Proportional kuti mavhoti vakakanda. Mumiriri muviri kuwana musarudzo pamusoro mazita. Muchiitiko chino, zvatinofarira unopiwa kune wekutanga nhamba: .. Well anozivikanwa munyika, vezvematongerwe enyika, voruzhinji, dzakakurumbira vakurukuri, etc. The mhando chikuru sarudzo zvinogona kuzivikanwa zvakasiyana. Ruzhinji - vari nomumwe Proportional - pamwe.

Open uye up dzebato mazita

Mugore Proportional system (sezvo vakawanda) vane akasiyana zvavo. Pakati maviri subspecies huru yaisanganisira achipokana ane pakachena bato mazita (Brazil, Finland, Netherlands). Kwakadaro Sarudzo yakananga - ndiyo mukana vavhoti kusarudza kwete chete bato list, asiwo kutsigira nhengo wakananga bato (mune dzimwe nyika vanogona kutsigira maviri kana kupfuura). Iri ndiro chepamusoro kwevadzidzi aanoda. bato haagoni unilaterally kusarudza In akadaro ezvinhu, chikamu kuti kuisa mberi kuti Paramende.

Closed mazita zvinoshandiswa Russia, Israel, European Union uye South Africa. Panyaya iyi, kuti mugari anekodzero kuvhota chete nokuda kwavo kufarira bato. Vamwe vanhu kupinda reparamende, akatsunga enyika sangano. A voter anofanira kuvhota pakutanga nokuda zvinonyatsorehwa chirongwa.

Zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira of Proportional hurongwa

Ose sarudzo vane dzavo zvakanakira nekuipira. The Proportional gadziriro iri chokwadi dzinoratidzwa chokuti vagari 'manzwi regai angopera saizvozvo. Vopinda mukuru chefuma bato uye kukanganisa enyika wenyaya. Mune mutemo uyu uye chinokosha. nyika Mumwe akaita zvokurerwa imwe pachikumbaridzo. Mapato vasina vakapfuura mucherechedzo ichi, paramende haina kuwa. Naizvozvo, kupfuura wakanaka iyi vaiona sarudzo muIsraeri, apo shoma chikumbaridzozve ndiyo chete 1% (5% muna Russia).

Zvakaipira ezvinhu anoonekwa kuti Proportional kuti haasaruri kukanganisa nheyo hweruzhinji. List-Sarudzo vanongoerekana havataurirani vomumatunhu avo. Kana mumiriri kunotema webato, havafaniri kuratidza vanhu pachake kugona. Nyanzvi dzakawanda vakavhara mazita vakashorwa nokuda kuona ose enyika ruzivo. Somuenzaniso, pane "locomotive musimboti". By kuishandisa, akaisa bato mberi namahwindo Pamazita kucherechedzwa nevanhu vanhu (vomumafirimu, Pop mumhanzi uye mitambo). Mushure sarudzo, "locomotives" izvi kurega zvigaro zvavo vachida zvishoma-anozivikanwa mubato functionaries. History anoziva nyaya dzakawanda apo kuvhara webato kwakaita kuti udzvinyiriri mukati sangano uye kutonga ari muboka revatungamiriri.

yakavhenganiswa sarudzo

The nesarudzo Hurongwa anogona chokubatanidza mazano maviri (ruzhinji Proportional). With configuration ichi, icho ichakurukurwa sezvo yakavhenganiswa. MuRussia, nesananguro muparamende nhasi pane kudaro zvakananga vakawanda musarudzo. Hafu vevatariri iri pakutsvaga Pamazita, imwe hafu - mune chete-nhengo esarudzo. Mixed nesarudzo Hurongwa richashandiswa kuti sarudzo kuHurumende Duma of September 18, 2016 (risati raishandiswa musarudzo kune Duma kusvikira 2003 zvichibatanidzwa). Panguva 2007th uye 2011th vakavhura Proportional musimboti pamwe bato wakapfigwa mazita.

Akadana zvakavhenganiswa hurongwa, uye nezvimwe zvinogona kubva nesarudzo hurongwa. Somuenzaniso, kuAustralia, mumwe imba yeparamende akasarudzwa pamusoro bato mazita uye mumwe - iri chete-nhengo esarudzo. Panewo vakavhengana-akasungwa hurongwa. Maererano nemitemo yayo, zvigaro dzeparamende dziri akaparadzirwa chete-murayiro majoritarian musimboti, asi vhoti inoitwa pamusoro mazita.

Zvakanakira nekuipira vakavhengana musimboti

Chero yakavhenganiswa kwava kuchinja uye democratic. Zvinonzi dzichichinja uye nyika anopa nzira dzakawanda kuumba Zvinoumba mumiririri miviri. Polling nenhepfenyuro iyi nyaya kunogona kuva nzvimbo sarudzo anoverengeka kuitika pamusoro dzemitemo siyana. Somuenzaniso, muna muRussia sarudzo panguva matunhu neminisiparati vanochiva maguta vari kuramba kuitwa pamanyorerwo ichi.

Mixed zvakananga musarudzo - chinokosha chiri disintegration zvematongerwo enyika. Naizvozvo, nyanzvi funga kuti kuva kwakaoma zvikuru nokuti munyika vaduku democracies kwakakundikana. Ichiparara masangano enyika vanofanira kuvaka coalitions. Party ruzhinji muna Paramende iri iyi kwakaoma zvisingaiti. Kudivi rimwe, rinovatadzisa sarudzo, Ukuwo, mumwe mufananidzo yakadaro - mumwe muenzaniso pakawanda kwenzanga umo mune mapoka akawanda vane zvido siyana wakajeka. Mixed nesarudzo maitiro uye vakawanda mapato madiki dzaiva dzokufananidzira kuti Russia neUkraine of kuma1990.