Siyana panyaya: basa, muviri munda, zvinhu Vacuum. Pfungwa yacho

Chinhu chinokosha che adzidze yakawanda sciences zvakasikwa inyaya. Munyaya ino tichakurukura pfungwa, mhando zvinhu, chimiro uye zvivako zvawo kufamba.

Chii chaitika?

Kwemazana emakore akawanda, pfungwa yacho shanduko uye kuvandudza. Saka, rekare muzivi wechiGiriki Plato akazviona somunhu Hwokunyorwa kweBhaibheri zvinhu, izvo inoshora pfungwa wavo. Aristotle akati kuti chinhu nokusingaperi, izvo zvinogona kana akasika kana kuparadzwa. Vazivi akazotevera Democritus uye Leucippus kupiwa tsanangudzo nyaya sezvo rudzi dzinokosha zvinhu izvo zvose mitumbi yedu nyika uye zvose.

The ano Pfungwa yacho yapiwa V. I. Lenin, maererano chinova chikamu kuparadzana uye akazvimirira Chinangwa, vakanyorwa maonero evanhu, nezvekufadza, rinogonawo kutevedzerwa uye mifananidzo.

nyaya unhu

The chikuru zvechadenga zvinhu zvitatu zviri:

• Space.
• Time.
• Movement.

maviri okutanga akasiyana metrological maitiro, kureva vanogona quantified nokuda chaiwo namano. The nzvimbo unotaurwa metres, uye zvinokosheswa nomukaka ayo, uye nguva maawa, maminiti, mumasekonzi, uye mumazuva, mwedzi, makore, etc. Panguva panewo zvimwe, kwete kukosha pfuma - .. Irreversibility. Haukwanisi kudzokera chero pokutangira nguva, nguva Vector anogara chimwe-mativi uye inofamba kubvira kare kusvikira remangwana. Kusiyana nguva, nzvimbo - a yakaoma pfungwa uye ine-dimensional matatu kuyerwa (urefu, urefu, upamhi). Saka, mhando dzose nyaya anogona kufamba mune nzvimbo imwe nguva.

Marudzi inofamba

Zvose dzinoitwa wedu uchifamba muchadenga uye kushamwaridzana nemumwe. Sangano kunoitika dzichimhanya uye chinhu chikuru pfuma ane kwose nyaya. Zvichakadai, izvi zvinogona kuitika kwete chete pakati vakawanda zvinhu, asi mukati acho, zvichikonzera nadzurudzo kwayo. Pane zvinotevera siyana inofamba:

• Mechanical - uku zvinhu nzvimbo (womuapuro ruchawa muti, achimhanya tsuro).

• Physical - kunoitika apo muviri ikachinja unhu (semuenzaniso panyama state). Mienzaniso: chando ikanyauka, vaporizes mvura nezvimwewo ...
• Chemicals - dikidiki makemikari anoumba mashoko (simbi ngura, oxidation kuti shuga)
• Biological - kunoitika muna zvipenyu uye kunozivisa vegetative kukura, muviri, kubereka uye nevamwe.

• Social chimiro - evanhu nekuita pezvakaitwa: Kutaurirana, kuitisa misangano, sarudzo uye nezvimwewo ..
• Geological - inechirevo inofamba kwenyaya panyika nechepasi uye mukati menyika nyika: pokupedzisira, jasi.

Zvose pamusoro siyana nyaya dziri dyidzana, nopindirana uye kushandiswa uchitsanangura. Havagoni kuvapo vakazvimiririra uye havasi andinenge.

ehupfumi nyaya

Ancient uye ano sayenzi kunoitwa ehupfumi vakawanda nyaya. Rakajairika uye pachena - sangano, asi pane dzimwe yezvisikwa ehupfumi:

• Iye uncreatable uye haufi. pfuma Izvi zvinoreva kuti muviri chero kana fuma kwenguva yakati, pane zvikamuka, runyangarike sezvo pakutanga chinhu, asi nyaya harimiri kuvapo, uye anongoti kuva nedzimwe mhando.
• Hazvina nokusingaperi uye haaperi muchadenga.
• Constant kufamba, kuchinja, nadzurudzo.
• Paruchaitika, kuvimba generating zvinhu uye zvinokonzera. pfuma iyi rudzi tsanangudzo kwakabva nyaya sechinhu mugumisiro zvimwe zviitiko.

The Mhando chikuru nyaya

Nyanzvi vemazuva ano vanozivikanwa nhatu dzinokosha siyana panyaya:

• A fuma ane yakananga guru pa zororo, ndicho mhando. Zvingaita panofanira nezvimedu, mamorekuru, maatomu, uye avo yeimwe, izvo zvinoumba mumuviri.
• Physical munda - chaiyo zvinhu fuma, iyo yakagadzirirwa inowanikwa zvinhu (zvinhu).
• Physical Vacuum - pfuma svikiro pamwe yakadereresa simba revarombo.

Next, uone Kutarira neimwe mhando.

fuma

The fuma - imwe mhando nyaya, chikuru aizoonekawo discrete, kureva discontinuous, pakunogumira. mamiriro ayo ine duku nezvimedu muchimiro protons, maerekitironi, uye neutrons wakaumbwa atomu. Maatomu ari Morekuru vari akabatana kuti aumbe venhumbi, akavapindurawo, anoumba muviri wenyama kana flowable fuma.

Chero fuma ane vanoverengeka nomumwe unhu kuti kusiyanisa kubva vamwe, vakawanda, arambe achirema, Kubika pfungwa uye utsotso nguva, sekristaro zvakachinjikwa mamiriro. Under zvimwe zvinhu, chepfu zvakasiyana siyana zvinogona akabatana uye yakavhenganiswa. Zvakasikwa vari inowanikwa mitatu inoti zviri aggregation: zvikukutu, mvura uye gaseous. In ichi kunyanya mumuviri ehurumende unoenderana mamiriro tigutsikane chete pafuma uye kusimba samolecular nekuita, asi munhu hunhu. Saka, mvura panguva tembiricha dzakasiyana uye anogona kutora mvura uye yakasimba uye gaseous chimiro.

panyama munda

Types zvinosanganisira nyaya uye kwakadaro chinoumba sezvo zvinhu munda. Zvinokosha ezvinhu ane mhando umo zvinhu miviri anosangana. Munda hakusi chakaparadzana repamutemo asi kutoti mutakuri chaiwo ehupfumi kuti inoramba ayo vakaumba. Saka, kurova kwemwoyo vakasunungurwa kubva PARTICIPLE, asi haana kunakidzwa nevamwe, chiri chishongedzo yeminda.

minda Zvokunyama - chaiye chisingaoneki siyana panyaya aine pfuma chamazuva ose. Vanogona Classified maererano zvakasiyana zvinodiwa:

1. Zvichienderana munda urwu mutariri musiyano yemagetsi, rinobva uye rinokweva minda.
2. By yezvakaita vebasa kufamba: simba munda, Statistical (rine yakamisirwa hama mumwe mhosva nezvimedu).
3. Pakazosvika omuzvarirwo: macro- uye microfield (akasika kufamba munhu mhosva nezvimedu).
4. Zvichienderana kuvapo svikiro: kwokunze (kuti runopoteredza mhosva nezvimedu), mukati (munda mukati mashoko), wechokwadi (mari dzomunyika uye kwokunze minda).

The panyama Vacuum

In XX remakore ari wefizikisi somunhu nekuyanana pakati materialists uye vanongofungidzira kutsanangura zvimwe mananara yakaonekwa rokuti "wenyama Vacuum". Wokutanga zvikanzi naye zvinhu zvivako, uye yokupedzisira aiti kuti Vacuum - hazvina asi maturo. Modern Physics waramba kutongwa vanongofungidzira uye akaratidza kuti munhu Vacuum - ndiro zvinhu zvakatipoteredza, uyewo chakazonzi quantum munda. Kuwanda nezvimedu mairi akaenzana razero, izvo, zvisinei, hakutadzisi panowanikwa pfupi-rokuti PARTICIPLE ari zvenguva maitikiro. Mugore quantum dzidziso mumuviri Vacuum simba pamwero conventionally sokugamuchira shoma, kureva razero. Zvisinei, experimentally akaratidza kuti simba munda unogona zvose akaipa uye zvakanaka mhosva. Pane pfungwa yokuti zvose akasimuka tichitarisa rwomuviri Vacuum kufara.

Kunyange zvakadaro haana zvakazara kudzidza maumbirwo rwomuviri Vacuum, kunyange zvazvo kuzivikanwa nevakawanda zvivako zvayo. Maererano buri Dirac pfungwa, mashoko quantum munda chinosanganisira zvinofamba photons pamwe chete nokuchengeta, murwiyo anoramba kujeka pachavo masumbu quanta izvo vakatamira muchimiro chinozunguzirwa hova.