Mumiririri miviri: pfungwa, chimiro uye nzira kuti inotungamirwa

Kubudirira kwebumbiro remitemo rakagadzirirwa munyika rinopiwa nehurumende . Mumiririri, vakuru, masangano ematare edzimhosva anoita nekugamuchirwa nekugadziriswa kwezviito zvekusimudzira. Vanoitawo mamiriro ekuchengetedzwa kwakakwana kwekodzero uye kudzivirirwa kwevanhu vanofarira. Maererano nevatsvakurudzi vazhinji, mitemo yepamutemo (inomiririra) ndiyo inonyanya kukoshesa. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti iyo ndiyo masangano anosimbisa mitemo yezvinonyanya kutungamirirwa nekunze kune imwe nyika uye yepamutemo, kuongorora hukuru hwemitemo yepamutemo munharaunda. Ngatimbokurukurai kuti chii chiri mumiririri miviri munyika, ndei mabasa avo uye urongwa hwekugadzirisa.

General information

Nheyo yekuparadzanisa kwemasimba mumatatu mazano akaiswa muBumbiro reMitemo, rakagamuchirwa muna 1993. Chinonyanya kukosha chiri mukuti rimwe bazi rimwe nerimwe rinopiwa mimwe mibvunzo, ruzivo rwemhizha runogadziriswa mukati mairi rungagona kugadzirisa. Nokudaro, kunyanya, kugadzirisa kukakavadzana, kuonekwa kwekusagadzikana kwemitemo yemamwe magwaro epamutemo, kutongwa kunoitwa nemitemo yenyika. Vamiririri masangano anovandudza uye anogadzira zviito zvekusimudzira, anobvumira bhajeti nezvimwe zvakadaro. Iyi nhau dziri pasi pehutongi hweSweden Assembly uye zvidzidzo zvemuganhu.

Paramende

Anoshanda seChipupuriro Chakanaka Chimiro munyika. Federal Assembly inosanganisira: State Duma yeRussia Federation uye Federation Federation. Chigadzirwa chekutanga chinogadzira kukurudzirwa, kukurukurirana nekugadziriswa kwemitemo. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, rugwaro rwemutemo runodzidzwa mu Federation Federation. Zvisinei, iyo yekupedzisira inogona kuramba basa rakagamuchirwa. The Federation Federation, saka, inoshanda sekugadzirisa uye kuongororonga chikwata. Mabasa ayo anodiwa kuti kuderedze kusawirirana kwezvematongerwe enyika, kutora shanduro yakanakisisa yemutemo unorongerwa.

Maitiro

Dzidzo yemitumbi yakamiridzirwa inoitwa musarudzo yakasarudzwa. Kusarudzwa kwevatungamiri kunoitika maererano nehuwandu hwehurongwa. Vose vagari vemunyika vanobatanidzwa mukuvhota. Mukati yekutanga kusarudzwa kwemasarudzo, mapato ezvematongerwe enyika anopa mazita ekutsvaga. Zvigaro zviri muHurumende Duma zvinoparidzirwa maererano nemigumisiro yepamutemo yekuvhota.

Maitiro

Mumiririri wepamusoro-soro mumatambudziko akaita sangano rimwe rinogamuchira Federal Law. Maererano navo, magwaro emutemo emunharaunda anotenderwa. Iri basa rinopiwa kune mumiririri wemamiriyoni ezvidzidzo zveRussian Federation. Ivo, ivowo, vanodanwa nenzira yakasiyana. Inogona kuva:

• Kurultays.
• Duma (yeruwa, guta, etc.).
• Hurals.
• Mazano nezvimwe zvakadaro.

Mukuwedzera, masangano emiganhu anoshandawo. Vane kodzero yekubvumidza mitemo. Izvi zvinyorwa zvinogona kuzivisa chinangwa cheMutemo weGurumende unotonga kugadzirisa nyaya dzekubatana kwemasimba enyika uye Russian Federation, kana kuti kugadzirisa nyaya dzinongowanikwa chete muhutano hwezvidzidzo.

Makamuri eParamende

Dare rinomiririra rinoshandisa nzvimbo yakakosha muzvigadziro zvezvikwata zvekutonga zveRussia. Nzvimbo dzakakwirira dzinodzora nyaya dzine chokuita nekugadzirisa kushanda kwevanhu vose munyika. Nzvimbo yepamutemo yemakamuri eparamende inoiswa mumutemo. Munharaunda-kugadzirisa mabasa, aya masangano ehurumende anonyanya kukosha. Panguva iyi, munyika, mitemo yepamutemo inogona kugamuchirwa nevamwe, kusanganisira zvivako zvekutonga uye mutungamiri. Izvi, zvisinei, hazvisi zvishoma kuderedza simba uye kukosha kwemakamuri eparamende.

Nuances

Dare rinomiririra inzvimbo dzakadaro dzinoumbwa maererano nekuda kwevanhu. VaFS vaiva nemamiriro ezvinhu akadaro kubvira muna 1993 kusvika muna 1995. Panguva ino yazvino, Mutungamiri Mukuru weParamende, mumutauro wayo, haisi nzvimbo inomirira simba. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti kusarudzwa kwevahedheni kunoitwa nemutungamiri wenyika. Munyaya iyi, State Duma inogona kunzi mumiririri wemuviri chete. Ichokwadi ndechokuti, somuenzaniso, mugore rechitanhatu chekuungana kwaro kusarudzwa kwevatongi kwakaitwa pane zvinyorwa. Nokudaro, vagari vemo havana kuvhota mumwe munhu aikwidza, asi wepato rose. Kuumbwa kwesangano rezvematongerwo enyika rakasarudzwa, zvisinei, rinogona kuchinja mushure mekusarudzwa kwayo. Somugumisiro, kune "kuchinja" kwevatongi. Vamwe vavo, vachizivisa kuzvidzora, vanobva, uye vamwe vanouya kunharaunda yavo, iyo vagari vasingazivi nezvazvo. Mukufunga kwevadzidzi vakawanda, basa reDuma rekuteerera rinofanirwa kuonekwa sechinhu chinotyisa. Ichokwadi ndechokuti vatongi vane kodzero yekuisa zvakananga basa reChechi yeAkaunti, sachigaro weCentral Bank. Vanogonawo kutumira mibvunzo kune hofisi yepureki, kugadza mutungamiriri wekodzero, kudana musangano wevashumiri. Aya mavara ane chinhu chakakosha pakuchengetedzwa kwemabazi emasimba enyika pane mumwe nomumwe. Nokudaro, yepamusoro-soro-kugadzirisa masangano ehurumende ane mikana yakakwana. Makamuri maviri eparamende anopiwa mabasa ekuraira mukati mehutano hwavo.

Territorial authorities

Nzvimbo yepamutemo yezvivako izvi inowanikwawo mumutemo. Masimba emumiririri wemunharaunda yacho anosanganisira, kunze kwekugadzirisa-kuita zvinhu, kushanda pakuumbwa kwezvimwe zvivako, pamwe nekudzivirira basa ravo. Kuwirirana nemasangano emamwe matavi kunoitwa nenzira dzakasiyana mune imwe kana imwe hurumende yehurumende yenyika. Panewo kusiyana kwemaitiro ehutano hwehutano hwekupa mitemo, nzira dzekuongorora nekugadzirisa zvimwe zvinetso.

Kunyatsoziva

Masangano ekumiririra emunharaunda anozvimiririra kugadzirisa nyaya dzine chokuita nehuwandu hwemashoko, zvinhu, teknolojia, zvepamutemo, zvemari uye sangano rezvemabasa avo. Zvose zvinodiwa mari kune izvi zvinogamuchirwa mukati memasangano. Mari yekupa mabasa inopiwa nechepe yakasiyana yebhadharo yemunharaunda.

Competence

Pakati pemibvunzo huru inogadziriswa nedzimwe sangano, inofanira kuonekwa:

• Kugadzirisa urongwa pamusana pemasarudzo achaitwa muhurumende dzehurumende, mabasa avo achaitwa mukati memiganhu yakagadzwa muMutemo.
• Kugadziriswa kwemari nemitero, yakarongerwa maererano neDare reMutemo kune dzimwe nzvimbo, urongwa hwekuchengetedza kwavo.
• Kubvumirwa kwehutano hwehupfumi nehupfumi hwakasarudzirwa nevakuru vakuru.
• Kubvumirwa kwekupedzisa uye kugumisa kwezvibvumirano uye zvibvumirano zviri munharaunda yedunhu.
• Kugadziriswa kwehurumende yekutarisa uye kurasikirwa kwepfuma munharaunda iri pasi pesimba rayo.
• Kutsunga kwemaitiro ekuungana uye kubata referenda.
• Kubvumirwa kwechirongwa chekutungamirirwa kwenharaunda yacho, kugadziriswa kwechimiro chemasimba makuru makuru ehurumende.

Normative Initiative

Iine masangano anozvimirira-hurumende, vatongi nevamwe vakuru vakuru. Kodzero yekutangira inopiwa maererano nemitemo yeBumbiro reMitemo uye Mutemo wematunhu uye mamwe masangano uye zvivako. Pakati pavo, kunyanya, pangave nemasangano ehurumende uye masangano. Iri kodzero inogona kuwanikwa nevagari vanogara mune imwe nzvimbo.

Kufunga nezvezvirongwa zvinorongwa

Izvo zvakagadziriswa zviito zvekuita, zvakapiwa nevanhu vanogara munzvimbo dzakakwirira mumunharaunda, zvinodzidzwa sechinhu chinokosha. Kutarisa kwemitemo yemitemo inopa mari inofanira kuwanikwa kubva kubhadharo yemasangano ichaitwa kwemavhiki maviri (14 mazuva ekaramende).

Nzira yekubvumirwa kwezviito

Nzira yekugadziriswa inogadziriswa maererano nemutemo wezvino. Iyo nzira ine zvayo chaiyo. Kunyanya:

1. Kugamuchirwa kweChita chebumbiro, kuwedzerwa uye kuchinjwa kwacho kunoitwa nehuwandu hwevhoti. Panguva imwe chete, haifaniri kunge iri pasi pe2/3 yenhamba yevatongi.
2. Zvikwereti zvinotaridzwa mune zvinyorwa zvinenge zviviri. Paunenge uchitora kana kuramba chiito chakagadzirwa, sarudzo inofanirwa inobudiswa.
3. Kugamuchirwa kwemitemo yenharaunda inoitwa nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwevatongi, uye zvisarudzo - pamusana wevakasarudzwa.
4. Sezvo chiitiko chinokosha chekugadzirisa kwechiito chechimiro, inoparidzirwa (yakagadziriswa) nevanhu vari munzvimbo dzakakwirira.
5. Mukana wekuramba mutemo, veto inogona kukundwa nehuwandu hunove 2/3 yehuwandu hwevatevedzeri.

Zviito zvisinganzwisisiki, Charters inotanga kushanda mushure mokunge ibudiswe muzvinyorwa zvepamutemo. Mitemo, zvigaro zvinoenderana nekudzivirirwa kwekusununguka uye kodzero dzakapiwa mumutemo masimba pasina mazuva gumi pashure pekubudiswa.

Mamiriro Emitemo

Dzimba dzenharaunda dzenharaunda (dzenharaunda) dzinogara masangano. Vanoita sezvikamu zvegachete zvehutungamiri hune hurumende dzine kodzero yekuita mitemo yepamutemo. Basa remasangano rinosanganisira mutemo wepamutemo panyaya dzekutungamirirwa kwakakwana kwenharaunda yacho, pamwe chete nekutonga pamwe chete nemakurukota akakwirira zvikuru enyika. Izvo zvivako zvemahofisi ehurumende zvine kodzero dzemasangano epamutemo, vane zvigaro zvematambi. Zita remumiririri muviri munyaya imwe neimwe, maitiro ayo emukati anotsanangurwa maererano neCheterano (Mutemo), achitarisa nyika, nhoroondo uye dzimwe tsika.

Kunyatsoziva sarudzo

Mutemo weBurumende Nha. 184 unotsanangura chimiro uye nzira nenzira inotungamirirwa nehutongi hwemaguta emunharaunda. Kusarudzwa kwevatungamiri kunoitwa nevagari vanogara mukati memutungamiri wehurumende. Kuti vatore chikamu mumushandirapamwe, vanofanirwa kupiwa nechisarudzo (chinoshanda) chakarurama. Mumwe mugari weRussia uyo asvika pane imwe nguva angaita sarudzo. Iye, maererano nemutemo, anofanira kunge ane kodzero yekusarudzwa kusarudzwa. Kusarudzwa kunoitwa nekuvhota pakavanda. Nzvimbo yevamiririri, nguva yemasimba avo, nzira inoshandiswa kugadzirisa uye kushandiswa kwemasarudzo, inogamuchirwa muStral Normative Acts, Mutemo-soro (Mutemo weNheyo) uye mamwe magwaro epamutemo enyika. Misangano yakazaruka, asi misangano yakavharwa inobvumirwa. Nzira yekuungana kwekupedzisira inotsanangurwa mumitemo inobvumirwa nemunharaunda yemunharaunda kana komasimende.

Kuumbwa kwemasangano emunharaunda

Vazhinji vemiviri miviri muhurukuro iyi haisi yemafungiro. Makamuri maviri eparamende anotarisirwa mune dzimwe nyika. Kuumbwa kwevanhu vanomiririra hurumende kunoitwa muhurongwa hwekusarudzwa uchishandisa zviyero uye huwandu hwemasarudzo. Inenge hafu yevatevedzeri inofanira kusarudzwa nedunhu rimwe chete maererano nehuwandu hwevhoti dzakakonzerwa nemasangano kubva kusangano dzevasarudzo. Nhamba yevamiririri mumutemo webumbiro wehurukuro yacho inotsanangurwa muCharter yenharaunda yacho. Nhamba yevatungamiri vakasarudzwa inosiyana kubva 11 (muTaimyr Autonomous District) kusvika 194 (muRepublic of Bashkortostan). Kureba kwekugara kwemugari muhupenyu hwemutevedzeri kunosimbiswa muCharter. Zvisinei, izwi rehofisi haigoni kuva nemakore anopfuura mashanu. Nhamba yevakuru vakuru vanoita mabasa avo nekuenderera mberi inosimbiswa nezvinodiwa zvinoenderana nekuita kwechiitiko.

Financing

Izvo zvinotarisirwa kuti zvive nechokwadi kuti mabasa evanhu vanomirira masangano ehurumende anopiwa zvakasiyana nedzimwe mari zvichienderana nehuwandu hwemari yeRF. Kurasikirwa uye kudzora kwekugoverwa kwemari panguva yekushandiswa kwemari-mari inoshandiswa nevatongi mumwechete kana mapoka avo, uyewo nehurumende-inogadzirisa sangano pachayo, haibvumirwi. Zvisinei, masimba emagadziro emumiririri eharaunda kuti atarisire kurasa mari yemari yebhajheti haigone.

Mitemo yemumiri wemuviri wenharaunda yacho

Zviito zvemuitiro zvechirudzi urwu zvinogadzirisa nyaya dzakasiyana-siyana. Kunyanya, inosanganisira:

1. Kubvumirwa kwebasa rezvemaruwa uye mushumo pamusoro pekushandiswa kwayo, inopiwa nemunhu ari kuhofisi yepamusoro.
2. Kugadziriswa kwetsika yekuita sarudzo muhutano hwehurumende-hurumende mukati memutungamiri wehurumende.
3. Kugamuchirwa kwemapurogiramu ezvehupfumi nehupfumi hwemunharaunda, iyo inopiwa nemunhu akakwirira.
4. Kuiswa kwemari uye mitero inobatanidzwa kuhutungamiri hwehutungamiri, urongwa hwekuunganidza kwavo.
5. Kubvumirwa kwemari yemari yemiganhu yenyika kunze kwemari yehurumende yemari nemishumo pamusoro pekushandiswa kwavo.
6. Kusarudza kwehutungamiri hwekutungamira uye kurasikirwa kweimba yechinhu ichi, kusanganisira zvikamu, zvikamu uye zvimwe zvinodiwa mumusoro wehutano hwebhizimisi, makambani nemabhizimisi emamwe masangano uye emitemo.
7. Kubvumirwa kwekuguma uye kupedzisa kwemasangano epasi.
8. Kugadzwa kwehutano hwekusangana uye kubata referenda.
9. Kusarudza kwehutungamiri uye nharaunda yemamiriro enyika yacho uye mitemo yekuchinja kwayo.
10. Kugadziriswa kwechimiro chemahofisi emamwe mazano.
11. Kusarudza kwekuita sarudzo kumusangano wemumiriri wenharaunda yacho.

Zvisarudzo

Dare rinomiririra rematunhu rine kodzero yekubudisa zviito zvakadai zvekusimudzira pane zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvino uye zvekushanda. Kunyanya, sarudzo inoshandiswa:

1. Kubvumirwa kwemitemo ye-standard-setting setting, kugadzirisa nyaya dzine chokuita nekugara mukati memabasa.
2. Kuitwa kwekutungamirirwa kwehurumende yepamusoro mune zvinyorwa kune vagari venyika pachinangwa cheMutungamiriri weRussia.
3. Kusarudzwa kunzvimbo uye kubviswa kubva kune vashandi voga.
4. Kuzobvumirwa kwekugamuchira kwemahofisi nevamwe vanhu, kana izvi zvichisimbiswa muMutemo, Mutemo weBurumende kana Mutemo wenharaunda yacho.
5. Kusarudzwa kwezuva rekusarudzwa kumuviri wemumiriri wehurukuro.
6. Kugadzirisa nguva ye referendum mumatambudziko anopiwa nemaitiro ekutonga enyika.
7. Kuita chisarudzo chekuvimba / kusavimba nevatungamiriri vakuru, kusanganisira masangano ehurumende, avo vakasarudzwa vakapinda nechechimumiririri.
8. Kubvumirana kwechibvumirano chekuchinja miganhu yenhare yekutungamirira.
9. Kubvumirwa kwebumbiro remvumo pamusoro pekuparadzanisa masimba.
10. Kusarudzwa kwevatongi vematare edzimhosva (constitutional) dare racho.
11. Kuitwa kwezvimwe zvisarudzo pamatambudziko ayo, maererano neMutemo uye mamwe mabasa ekusimudzira, anopiwa kune simba remiririririri wehurumende.

Kutanga kuguma kwemabasa

Masimba ehurongwa hwekugadzirisa hurumende angamira mberi kwekupera kwemagumo akasimbiswa, panguva dzekugadziriswa kwe:

1. Kuzvimiririra kwakaitwa chisarudzo chevatevedzeri.
2. Chisarudzo chemukuru wenharaunda iyo, kana chiito chechimiro chakagamuchirwa pamusangano unopesana nemagwaro epamutemo ane simba guru. Panguva imwecheteyo, chokwadi chekusateerera hakufaniri kusimbiswa mumatare, uye mumiririri wehurumende haana kubvisa kukanganisa kwakawanikwa mumwedzi mitanhatu kubva pazuva rokutanga kushanda kwekutonga.

Mukana wekupera kwekutanga, sarudzo dzekutanga dzinofanira kusarudzwa. Zvinotorwa mushure memwedzi mitanhatu mushure mokupinda kwechisimba chechirevo pamusoro pekuregererwa kwemasimba emumiririri wemuviri. Kuparara kwekutanga kunobvumidzwawo kana chiitiko chekutonga mudare pamusoro pekusakwanisa kwehutano hwevamiriri vemazuva ano. Mamiriro ezvinhu akadaro anoitika, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, uye kana akasarudzwa nevasarudzo vemasimba avo.

Kusavimba kwe musoro weharaunda

Mumiririri wemuviri anopiwawo kodzero iyi. Kusavimba kune munhu ari panzvimbo yakakwirira pane zvinotevera:

1. Bhuku re normative mabasa risingapindirani nemitemo yeBritain Law, Mutemo reMitemo, Mutemo wenharaunda uye mamwe magwaro emutemo. Panguva imwecheteyo, kupesana kunofanirwa kusimbiswa mukati mekugadzirisa kwechirongwa chemudare, uye mutungamiriri wepamusoro-soro wehurumende haana kubvisa kukanganisa mushure mokupera kwemwedzi kubva pazuva raakatonga mutongo.
2. Kuona kweimwe kukanganisa kwakaipisisa kweBritain Law, zviitiko zvinowanzoitwa munzvimbo iyo, zvigadziro zveMitemo nemamwe magwaro ezvo zvakadai, kana zvinoreva kukanganisa zvakasununguka rusununguko, kodzero uye zvinodiwa zvehuwandu hwechikwata ichi chekutungamirira.

Chisarudzo chekutaura kwete kuvimbwa mumusoro wepamusoro-soro wehurumende inogamuchirwa kana mumwe wevatatu vevatevedzeri vamuvhota kubva kune imwe nhamba yevadzidzi pachinangwa chechimiro chakafanana chevanhu vamiririri. Kana chiitiko ichocho chikagamuchirwa, munhu anenge ari muhofisi yepamusoro-soro yemunharaunda achabva arega, uye kuguma kwemabasa ebazi iyo inotungamirirwa. Panguva imwecheteyo, mutumbi mutsva mukuru unofanira kuumbwa. Kana izvi zvisina kuitika, sangano rekare rinoshanda kusvikira kusikwa kwechimiro chitsva.