Chili saltpeter: chimiro uye zvinhu. Icho chemikemikari yemammonium nitrate

Kuongorora kwemazuva ano kwezvinhu kunobvumira kuzarura zvese zvitsva zvadzo. Saka, kuwedzera zvakanyanya nzvimbo huru yekushandiswa. Saka, somuenzaniso, mune zvekurima mazana emarudzi akasiyana-siyana emushonga anozivikanwa anokwanisa kubatsira mbeu dzakadyarwa kukura, kukura nekukura. Imwe chete yeiyi chiChilean saltpeter, yakawanikwa muzana remakore rechi18.

Mashoko ekufananidzira emazita

Zvinonakidza kuti pane chimwe chinhu pane dzimwe nguva chinoratidza huwandu hwemashoko akasiyana. Mushure mezvose, mamwe anopiwa nevanhu muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, mamwe anouya kubva pane imwe, mamwe acho anobva mumagadzirirwo emakemikari emakemikari.

Saka zvakaitika nehuwandu huri pasi pekufungisisa. Nitrate yeChirat ine mazita echirevo anotevera:

• Sodium nitrate;
• Sodium nitrate;
• Sodium nitrate;
• Sodium nitrate;
• Nitrone.

Mumwe nomumwe wavo anoratidza chero ruzivo rwezvezvinhu izvi. Semuenzaniso, sodium nitrate inoratidza kuumbwa kwekemikari, uye naizvozvo inoratidza izvo makemikari yemammonium nitrate ichave. Iyi ruzivo rwakapiwa kwatiri nedzimwewo zvinyorwa. Izwi rokuti "Chilean" rinonyanya kuratidza huwandu hwemigodhi yemari.

Icho chemikemikari yemammonium nitrate

Izvo zvakasikwa zvakagadziriswa zvezvinhu izvi zvinoratidzwa nezvinhu zvinotevera: imwe yeatomu yeatomu, imwe nitrogen atomu uye matatu maatomu eokisijeni. Nokudaro, inogona kupedzerwa kuti kubva pamakemikari nzvimbo yekutarisa ichaona nitrate yechiCalyan. Chirevo ichocho chichanyorwa seNaNO ₃ . Muchikamu chemazana, chimiro chekufananidzira chichave chichitsanangurwa se: 26/16/58%, zvichienderana.

Iko kristall yakarongeka yemasikirini yakatenderera ye nitrodium nitrate inonzi trimboal rhombohedron. Mavari, maatomu eokisijeni ari akabatanidzwa zvakakomba nepakati ye nitrogen, ichichengetedzwa pedyo ne covalent polar interactions. Nokudaro, imwe chete NO ₃ ^- ion ^inoumbwa , iyo inonzi yakasara asidi. Panguva imwecheteyo, mumutambo wekunze kune chinyorwa chakanaka ceddidium sodium Na ⁺ . Nokudaro, pakati pezvinopikiswa zvakapetwa zvisikwa kune chikwata chakasimba chekugadzirwa kwemagetsi. Somugumisiro, hukama huneionic hunoumbwa.

Mhando yekristalo yakafanana neyeye feldspar (calcite). Saka, chimiro ichi hachisi Chilean saltpetre chete. Iyo makemikari inoratidzira panguva imwechete mapoka maviri emakemikari akasungwa mumamolekoro:

• Covalent polar;
• Ionic.

Uyewo, urongwa hwekubatanidza maatomu mumatokisi inoratidzika zvakajeka, saka saka zviri nyore kuverenga zvivharo uye hutachiona humwe hwematomu neatoni nemaitiro.

Kirasi yemakemikari mazana

Pakati pemakemikari akabatanidzwa pane zvakasiyana-siyana. Nokudaro, zvose zvavo zvakakamurwa kuva makirasi zvichienderana nezviratidzwa zvezvinhu uye zvikamu zvekuumbwa nekugadzirisa kwema molecules.

Kwete imwe chete, uye Chilean nitrate. Chirongwa cheNaNO ₃ chinoratidza kuti ichi chidimbu ndechechimiro munyu we nitric acid. Sodium, iyo inosanganisira seni resimbi yealkali uye zvakasara zveasiti zveimwe yemasikiriti ane simba zvikuru.

Nokudaro, zvinokwanisika kuti usanzwisise kuti ndeipi iyo nitrate yeChile ndeye - yekirasi yeasorganic average yevarti.

Physical properties

Maererano nematongerwo aya, chinhu chinenge chiri mubvunzo chinogona kuonekwa sechatevera.

1. Haina kupfeka, dzimwe nguva neine tsvuku, tsvuku kana grey hue yekristalline nyaya.
2. Iyo makristasi ndeye mashure mashoma emasero.
3. Haina kunhuwa.
4. Iyo tambo inenge isingafadzi, iyo yakawanda inyu.
5. Iko kunyauka kunenge 308 ° C.
6. Kana iwe uchipisa pamusoro pe 380 ° C, saka, kufanana nezvose nitrate, Chilean nitrate inokonzera kuita simbi uye nitrijeni nitrite.
7. Mvura inoputika zvakanaka (pa100 ° C, 176 magamu emunyu, ^inenge 0 ° C inenge 77 gramu).
8. Iyo inoputika zvakanaka zvakakwana muammonia uye hydrazine, uye kushandiswa kwehutu muzvinhu zvinokonzerwa nehutano zvakadai seEthanol, methanol kana pyridine inoderera zvakanyanya.
9. Apo imwe mishonga inova inoputika, zvisinei, zvakaoma kushandisa nitrate nekuda kwehuwandu hwakanaka.

Zvichigovera yekupedzisira parameter, sodium nitrate inochengetwa zvakasimba yakazara mapepa emapetethylene asingabvumiri unyoro kudarika. Izvo zvinogona zvakare kuwana mhepo yemunyu mumagalasi emasikati machena uye pasi girasi stoppers. Mamiriro ezvinhu makuru ari kudzivirira kunze kwechiedza chakanyanya, kutonhora uye kunaya kwemhepo. Kana zvinhu zvose zvichisangana, ipapo iyo inoramba ichitya uye ichioma, makristasi haangave akazara.

Makemikari zvinhu

Sezvatave tatsanangura, Chilean nitrate igira remasikironi asingasviki anonzi salts. Makemikari zvinhu zvichatsanangurwa zvakajeka nezvozvi.

1. Inoratidza unyanzvi hwehutachiona kana uchitaurirana ne-nonmetals (sulfur, carbon). Kugadzirisa kunopfurikidza nekupisa moto.
2. Inoparadzanisa pamadziridziro anopfuura 380 ° C.
3. Inopindira nenzira yechitsinhaniso nemashizha emamwe masimbi, kana zvinotevera zvinotevera kutonga kweBerthollet (gesi rinosunungurwa, mvura inopera kana mvura isina kusiyaniswa yakaumbwa).

Ndiyo makemikari ayo anonyanya kutsanangura kushandiswa kwe sodium nitrate.

Kuwana mune zvemhizha

Kune nzira dzakasiyana-siyana umo kuumbwa kwe-sodium nitrate kunokwanisika.

1. Kutaurirana zvakananga kwesimbi yeal alkali ye sodium neine oxidizing agent (nitric acid). Somugumisiro, kuchinja kunopinda kunoitika, nitrate inoumbwa, gaseous nitrogen, nitrogen oxides II uye ini, mvura inosunungurwa.
2. Izvo zvinoitika pakati pe sodium oxide ne nitric acid. Inoshandura sodium nitrate nemvura.
3. Kubatana kwe sodium hydroxide kana sodium hydroxide ne nitrogen oxides I uye II (musanganiso unonzi nitrous gas).
4. Kukurukurirana kusanganisira pakati pe calcium nitrate uye sodium sulfate. Somugumisiro, kunyura kweiyo zvishoma kushandura calcium sulfate uye sarudzo ye nitrate inoumbwa.
5. Imwe nzira ye laboratori ndiyo inopindirana pakati peammonium nitrate uye kubika soda kana alkali.
6. Uyewo, nzira inoshandiswa mu laboratori ndiko kushamwaridzana kwekugadzirisa kushandiswa pakati peyesirivha nitrate (mumutauro wakazara we lapis) uyewo wese dombo munyu, kureva, sodium chloride.
7. Nzira yemabhizimusi, kana nzira inoshandiswa mukutsvaga kwemigodhi, inonzi leaching uye inotevera kristalllization kubva pane mari, iyo inoitwa nenzira imwe neimwe.

Kusvika panguva ino - iyi ndiyo nzira dzose dzingakwanisika kuwana imwe yakakwana ye nitrodium nitrate.

Kugadzira uye kuisa

Iko huru yekuisa mari iyo iri pasi apa ndeyekuti:

• Chile;
• South-west Africa;
• California.

Zvose zvigaro hazvive zvakakosha nokuda kwezvokubatanidza. Iko huru yekutengesa zvinhu zvekushandisa zvakagadzirwa nguva dzose yaibatwa neChileans. Izvi zvinokonzerwawo nemumwe wezita resodium nitrate.

Nitani yeChile inopa nitrogen yemiti, sezvo inonyanya kugadziriswa munda wekushandura isirimi, iyo inoshanda semushonga.

Applications

Kwenguva yekutanga izvi zvishamiso zvekugadzira ivhu zvakazozivikanwa muna 1825. Kunyange zvakadaro, saltpeter haina kuwana mutengi wayo uye yakaramba yakanganwika. Makore mashanu gare gare, yakashandiswa kumushonga wekudyara kwekudya kwekutanga uye yakashamiswa nemigumisiro. Kubva ipapo, kushandiswa kwemajeri aya kwave kwakawanda. Pakazosvika 1870, yakasvika mamita zviuru makumi mashanu pagore!

Mazuva ano, hurimi haisi iyo chete iyo inonzi Chile saltpetre inodiwa. Chirongwa chacho chakanyanya kuwedzera miganhu yayo.

1. Sekuchengetedza nyama uye mishonga yekusekesa mubhizimusi wezvokudya.
2. Zvinhu zvakasvibirira zvekugadzirwa kwemhepo inopisa uye mamwe mabhuni.
3. Metalworking industry.
4. Kugadzirwa kwekupisa-kuunganidza mazana.
5. Mukugadzira girazi.
6. Nokuda kwekugadzirwa kwekusanganiswa kwomunyu - munyu-sefriji.
7. In rocket fuel.
8. Muzvigadzirwa zve pyrotechnic.

Zviri pachena kuti nzvimbo dzekushandiswa kwetidiamu nitrate dzakawanda kwazvo. Mukuwedzera, kwenguva yakareba yakaramba ichiita chete iyo inokonzerwa nekushandiswa kwe nitric acid. Nhasi, nokuda kwechinangwa ichi, hachisisiri kushandiswa, nokuti asiriya inobudiswa nemamwe maitiro ekugadzira.