Mafuta okugadzira oiri eRussia

Nyaya yemafuta yakagara ichionekwa seinokosha kupfuura yehupfumi yenyika ipi neipi.

Nhoroondo yemafuta ekugadzira mafuta muRussia yakatanga muna 1745, kubvira musi iwoyo apo kambani yekutanga yakatangwa parwizi Ukhta nehama dzeChumelov. Pamwoyo yezvigadzirwa zvayo zvinogadzirisa zvinhu zvakajairika, asi zvakakosha mumazuva iwayo mafuta, pamwe chete nedzimwe mafuta ekugadzira.

Nhasi, mhizha yeRussia yekugadzirisa inyanzvi inofananidzwa seimwe yevanonyanya kubudirira. Nhamba yemabhizimusi, ose maduku uye makuru, ari kuramba achikura, nekuda kwekuwedzera mari inowedzera kubva mukushandurwa kwe "ndarama yegusi". Iri davi rinonyatsokurudzirwa muCentral nzvimbo yenyika, uyewo muTyumen neChelyabinsk.

Mafuta okugadzira mafuta muRussia anogadzira zvikuru mafuta, mafuta, diesel, rocket, aviation mafuta, mafuta emafuta, motokari yemafuta, bitumen, petroleum coke, nezvimwewo. Iyo yakawanda yakawanda yakasikwa pedyo nemigodhi yemafuta, iyo inobvumira makambani kuti vasashandise mari yakawedzerwa yekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakagadzirwa. Mushure mokugadzirwa, chigadzirwa chakapedzwa chinotumirwa kumutengesi wokupedzisira.

Basa guru rekuvandudza muRussia rakadzika kugadzirwa kwemafuta. Basa ravo rekugadzirwa, sekutonga, rinosanganisira nzira yekugadzirisa zvinhu zvakasikwa, iyo yekutanga distillation yemafuta uye yechipiri yekugadzirisa kwezvikamu, izvo zvinosanganisira kugadzirisa kuputika, kugadzirisa, kugadzira, kushandura mvura uye kusanganiswa kwezvinhu zvinopera mafuta.

Mafuta makuru ekugadzira mafuta muRussia ari muCentral, Siberian uye Volga federal district, inotarisa zvinopfuura makumi manomwe kubva muzana zvehutano hwenyika yose. Aya ndiwo Gazprom Neft-Omsk Refinery, pamwe neAngarsk, Antipinsky (Tyumen), Afipsky (Krasnodar Territory), Krasnoleninsky (Khanty-Mansiysk), Ufa (Bashkiria), nezvimwewo. Panharaunda yezvikamu zvehurumende yeRussian Federation, mutungamiri wekunatsa kwekutanga mafuta ndeye Bashkiria.

Mafuta okugadzira mairi muRussia kazhinji akaonekwa munyika yedu mushure mehondo: kwegore kusvikira muna 1965, 16 kukwanisa kwakavakwa, iyo inopfuura hafu yeiyo iripo. Zvisinei, munguva yekuchinja kwezvemari mumakore ekuma1990, kwaive nekuderera kwakanyanya mukugadzirwa mune iyi indasitiri . Hazvisi zvakaoma kutsanangura izvi: panguva iyoyo kushandiswa kwemukati kwemafuta kwakanyanyisa kuderera, izvo zvakakonzera hutsika hwakaderera hwezvakagadzirwa, uye naizvozvo hutsika hwekutendeuka humwe chinhu, iyo yakaderera kusvika 67.4 muzana. Uye muna 1999 iyo Omsk Refinery yakakwanisa kusvika kumitemo yeU.SA neEurope.

Mumakore mashoma apfuura pane zvave zvichikurudzira mumagazini ino, chiratidzo chekutsvaga kwekutsvaga kwekuchenesa kweiri, izvo, kutanga muna 2006, zvakapfuura mabhiriyoni makumi mana emabhururi.

Kukura kwekugadzirwa kwezvinhu kwakakura, nokuti muna 2010 V. V. Putin akarambidza chirevo chake kuti aunganidze mairi ayo matsva ekutsvaga muRussia, izvo zvaasina kusvika 70%, achifunga kuti mabhizimisi akadaro anodikanwa zvakanyanya mazuva ano. Nhamba yeiyo minin-refineries nhasi muRussia inosvika mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu.

Uye pakupera kwegore rino, rakagadzirirwa kuvaka chivako chikuru chekuchenesa mafuta muRussia, iri pamagumo emipopi inopfuura neSouth Siberia kusvika kuPacific, uko kushandiswa kwakadzika kwechigadzirwa chacho kuchava ne9 muzana, iyo inofananidzwa nehuwandu hwakawanikwa mune zvimwe zvebhizimisi zveUnited States .

Yakabatanidzwa mune imwe indasitiri yemafuta munyika yedu iri pasi pekutungamirirwa kwemakambani makuru gumi, akadai saRosneft, Lukoil, Bashneft, Surgutneftegaz, TNK-BP, Gazprom, nezvimwewo.