Zvinyorwa zvakavanzika zveAlexander Nevsky

Panguva dzose, Russia yakabereka masimba, avo munguva dzemazuva vakava vadziviriri vake. Vazhinji vavo vanozivikanwa kwete munyika yedu chete, asiwo kune dzimwe nyika. Mumwe wevanhu ava ndiAlexander Nevsky, uyo akatumidzwa kwemazana emakore se "mutsvene" uye "mukuru." Zvinyorwa zvake zvinonzi ane simba rinoshamisa, uye ruzivo pamusoro pavo rwakachengetedzwa mumabhuku akasiyana siyana kubvira muzana remakore rechigumi nemana. Mamwe magwaro anoratidza kuti pazuva rechipiri mushure mekuvigwa kwemuchinda pane vanhu vake veguva vakawana mushonga wezvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana. Nokudaro, runyerekupe rwakakurumbira kunyange zvisati zvaitika pamberi pevakuru vakuru vehurumende vachimuudza kuti iye mutsvene.

Zvinyorwa zveAlexander Nevsky ndeimwe yematunhu anokosha eRussia. Nyaya yedu yakazvipira kune munhu mukuru uyu nemabasa ake kuchengetedza Rus kubva kune vapambi. Uyewo tichapindura mibvunzo mikuru yenyaya yacho, apo mabhuku aAlexander Nevsky aiva panguva dzakasiyana-siyana, uye kuti vanodikanwa zvakadini pamwoyo yevaOrthodox vaKristu.

Historical portrait yaAlexander Nevsky

Zvinosuruvarisa, iye zvino haasi wega wega wekuchikoro anogona kutaurira kuti chaizvo zvakadii Duke Mukuru kuRussia. Nokudaro, usati watanga nyaya pamusoro pesimba raAlexander Nevsky, unoda zvishoma kunyatsorondedzera mabasa ake kune vaSlav.

Maererano nezvakanyorwa, mubati weramangwana reRussia akaberekwa mugore ramakumi maviri rezana remakore gumi nematatu. Ucheche hwake hwakanga hwakabatwa muPereslavl-Zalessky, Alexander akanga atokura muNovgorod, uko baba vake vakatumirwa kuti vatonge, izvo zvaaiperekedza muhondo dzose dzehondo. Iyi yakanga iri nguva yakaoma yeRussia - kune rumwe rutivi, musha wakatsva uye maguta akabatwa maMongolian, uye kune rumwe rutivi, uto reSweden rakasvika kumativi enyika. Mudiki Alexander aifanira kudzivirira nyika yake kubva kune dzimwe nyika.

Muzhizha remakore rimwe nemazana maviri nemakumi mana akawana kukunda kunoshamisa pamusoro pevaSweden paRwizi rweNeva, iyo yaakagamuchira zita rake rechirwere, pasi payo akadzika pasi munhau. Kwemakore maviri, hondo dzinotyisa dzakarwiwa kumadokero kwemiganhu yenyika, uye musi waEpril 5, 1242, Alexander Nevsky akakwanisa kukunda magetsi eTeutonic Order paLake Peipsi. Uku kukunda kwakaguma kwakaderedza vaSweden vetariro yekubata nyika dzeRussia, uye zita remukuru wechidiki Alexander rakazozivikanwa kure neRussia.

Iye zvino akatarisana nebasa rakasiyana - kudzivirira nyika kubva kumabvazuva uye kubvumirana pakubatana nemaMongolia. Yaiva nemishinari iyi iyo mutungamiriri wemauto akaenda nababa vake kuHorde.

Vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanoti Alexander Nevsky ainyatsoona. Akakwanisa kubvumirana naKat Baty pamusoro pehutano, uye akatoita nechepakati pake neMongolia. Ukama huripo pakati pomukomana nemukuru weRussia hwakanga hwakananga, muminyorwa zvinotaurwa kuti dzaiwanzonzi hama. Alexander Nevsky akatokwanisa kunyengetedza Batu kuti agamuchire chiKristu, izvo zvakawedzera kusimbisa ukama hwavo uye zvose zvibvumirano pakati pevatongi vaviri. Zvirongwa zveChirungu zvaifanira kubatanidza nyika dzeRussia neTatar pasi pesimba rine simba kuitira kuti varwise zvinopisa kubva kumadokero nekumavirira. Asi kurota uku hakuna kuzadzika.

Musi waNovember 14, 1263, achidzoka kubva kuSaray, mutungamiri akarwara uye akafa pamhanya. Guta riri pedyo raunogona kuunza muviri wako raiva Vladimir. Nhengo dzekuchema dzakakwira. Zvisinei, kunyange mushure mekufa kwake, mudziviriri mukuru waRus 'akakwanisa kushamisa vatongi vake nevatungamiriri vechechi.

Zvishamiso, izvo zvinonzi St. Alexander shure kwekufa

Kuti asvike kuVladimir ndokuviga madota emukuru wevakafa, boka rake rakatora mazuva mapfumbamwe, uye zvishamiso zvikatanga kuitika, izvo zvikava ivhu rekuwedzera kugona kweAlexander Nevsky. Zvinotoshamisa kuti mumazuva mapfumbamwe muviri hauna kutanga kuora. Kuvigwa kwakaitika musi waNovember 23 muKrisimasi Monastery yeguta reVladimir. Panguva yekutongwa, Metropolitan Kirill aida kusunungura zvigunwe zvemukuru kuitira kuti avhare tsamba mukati mavo. Asi kutyisa kwevose vakaungana vaAlexandria pachavo vakatambanudza maoko ake kuti vadzidziswe mumudzimu uye vakagamuchira papepa pakarepo. Vafundisi vakazviti chishamiso uye vaionekwa sekukudzwa kwaMwari.

Mavhiki mashomanana chete kuti afukidze muchinda wechinda akatanga kuuya kune vanhuwo zvavo, vazhinji vavo vakanyengeterera kurapwa uye vakagamuchira mhinduro nenzira yehutano hutsva-hunoona. Runyerekupe rwezvishamiso zvinowanzoitika muSimba reMitambo yeKuberekwa nokukurumidza rakapararira muRussia yose.

Kuwana zvinyorwa zveSaint Alexander

Kwemakore anopfuura zana vanhu vakauya kuguva remudziviriri wenyika yeRussia, uye rimwe zuva mumwe wemamonki aiva nechiratidzo chekudikanwa kwekutengesa kuvekwa kwevahedheni. Nekukudzwa kukuru, guva rakazarurwa uye rakatonhora nekushamisika - vasati vaungana ikoko vaiva nemuviri usina kuora-zvinyorwa zveAlexander Nevsky. Ichi chaiva humwe uchapupu hwezvishamiso zvomuchinda mutsvene. Vakatorwa kubva pasi pevhu uye vakaiswa pamatebvu (areka kana coffin), uko kusvika kuzana remakore rechisere pakanga pane zvitsvene zvitsvene. Alexander Nevsky aikwanisa kugadziriswa nechechi muna 1547, asi, zvisinei, hazvina kudzivirira vanhu kuti vabate mutungamiri wevatungamiri sevatsvene avo vakapa upenyu hwake hwose kudzivirirwa kwehurumende yake.

The Mystery of the Saints

Vanyori venhau dzakawanda vanofarira zvikuru mubvunzo wezvinyorwa zveAlexander Nevsky nhasi. Mushure mezvose, zvikwata zvezesayenzi zvichiri kukurukura kurasikirwa kwechirevo ichi muzana remakore rechigumi nemashanu.

Ichokwadi ndechokuti vazhinji vanokakavara vanotaura nezvemashoko anowanikwa munhoroondo dzezana remakore rechitanhatu. Vanotaura kuti panguva yaMay moto mukati mekupedzisira kwezana remakore rechigumi nechepamusoro kese kereke yeKrisimasi yakatsva, uye pamwe chete nayo, vakashandurwa kuva madota uye zvinyorwa zveAlexander Nevsky. Asi ikozvino muzvinyorwa zvezana remakore rechigumi nemanomwe chiitiko ichi chinotsanangurwa zvishoma zvakasiyana. Munyori anotsanangura kuti, zvinonzi, vatongi vakaona nemeso avo kuti moto, nenzira inoshamisa yakadzikinura moto, apo zvinyorwa zveAlexander Nevsky zviripo. Uye ivo vakaramba vari voga vasina kubhadharwa muNzvimbo yeNhepfenyuro yeKuberekwa.

Ichokwadi, ikozvino zvakaoma kutaura kuti munyaya iyi ndeyechokwadi. Mumwe chete anongotarisa pamusoro pekuti zvinyorwa zvacho zvakaramba zviripo mushure memoto, uye, saka, hapana munhu aigona kuzvitsiva. Kuziva kwakadaro kwakange kusingabviri kubuda zvisingazivikanwi, saka vashumiri vechechi vanove nechokwadi chekuti zvinyorwa zveAlexander Nevsky zvichiri zvichengetwa mukati memutemberi uye zvingoriisiya muzviitiko zvisingawanzoiti kana kutakurwa kumaguta akasiyana siyana, makedhedrals, machechi enyika yedu uye pedyo nedzimwe nyika, kuitira kusimbisa Boka mukutenda.

Zvisinei, nguva nenguva mumitambo, nhepfenyuro inopenya iyo muzvinyorwa, zvegore ra1922, zvinoratidzwa kuti mumuchirwere wesirivha pane zvigumi gumi nezviviri zvepfupa pasina ganga. Icho chaiva chirevo, hapana anoziva, nokuti kugadzirisa chakavanzika chezvinyorwa nhasi zvinopfuura simba reumwe munhu. Nhoroondo yacho ndeyekuti kusiya mibvunzo yakawanda isina kupindurwa.

St. Petersburg uye St. Alexander Nevsky

Kana iwe ukakumbira chero munhu anogara kumusoro wekuchamhembe, uko mabhuku eAlexander Nevsky ari muSt. Petersburg, zvino, chokwadi, vazhinji vachakupindura nenzira yakarurama. Asi chii chinobatanidza muchinda-kutambudza uye guta rino raPetro? Chinhu chose chiri nyore - mutsvene anofungidzirwa somuranda wake, uye zvakasununguka, mutongi anopa hupenyu kune guta idzva reRussia mukati meNorthern War akaratidza izvi. Yakanga iri kuvonga kumambo kuti temberi yaAlexandro Nevsky yakavakwa pano, iyo zvinyorwa zvaive nenzvimbo inokudzwa zvikuru mairi.

Kukosha kweUtatu Mutsvene Alexander Nevsky Lavra muSt. Petersburg

Petro ini ndakanga ndiri mutongi akachenjera kwazvo, uye zviito zvake nguva dzose nevana vainzi vaoni, saka akava nehanya nemitsvene tsvene nokuda kwechikonzero. Asi ngatitaurire pamusoro pezvose zvakarongeka.

Muna 1710, pfungwa yekuzvidzivirira pamusoro pekuvaka kereke mukukudza mutongi mukuru wenyika yeRussia kubva kune vamwe vokune dzimwe nyika. Yeuka kuti panguva ino kwemakore anoverengeka, Petro ndakarwa hondo nevaSweden, uye vanhu vaida chiratidzo chinogona kukurudzira uye kukurudzira vanhu vose pasina. Nhamba yaAlexander Nevsky yakanga isingakwanisi kufanirwa nechinzvimbo ichi, nokuti yakadzivirirawo Russia kubva kumaJalimane nemaSweden. Nokuda kwetemberi, mambo wacho akasarudza nzvimbo Vanokunda. Zvichida kwaiva ikoko apo muchinda mutsvene akakunda hondo yakabatana yeSweden mambo. Asi gare gare zvakazoitika kuti nenyika idzi kukunda kwakasiyana kwaAlexander Nevsky kwakabatanidzwa - pamusoro pebhari Birger muna 1240.

Chero zvazvingava, mutungamiriri haana kungova chiratidzo chekusagadzikana kwemhepo yeRussia, asiwo mubatsiri weSt. Petersburg, iyo yakava nzvimbo yakakwirira yeRussia nyika kumavirira. Kuenderera mberi kubva kune izvi, mugore ra1723, tsar yakaraira kuti zvinyorwa zveAlexander Nevsky zviendeswe kune chivako chinenge chachangobva kuvakwa. MuSt. Petersburg, chiitiko ichi chakagadzirirwa nekutya kukuru uye kunyatso. Mushure mezvose, Petro pachake akatungamirira nzira yakaoma, uye, sezvinozivikanwa, haana kukanganwira zvikanganiso uye kusafungidzira kwevanhu vake.

Kubviswa kwezvinyorwa zveAlexander Nevsky: Kugadzirira chiitiko

Mukuda kwekutumira zvitsvene zvitsvene pamwe nezvose kukudzwa kubva kuVladimir kuenda kuSt. Petersburg, kenza yakange yakakodzera, iyo iyo relic yaizotumirwa. Kumugumo uyu, yakasarudzwa nomumwe munhu Zarudny, akabatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwahwo muMoscow. Kanzira yakanga iri basa rechokwadi rehupenzi:

• Makumbo masere nenzira yehumbwa dzepasi;
• Makumbo akanga akavezwa korona nemifananidzo yemakerubhi;
• Chifukidziro cheareka chakanga chakashongedzwa nenguvo yemuchinda;
• Mifananidzo yemisoro yeshumba - chiratidzo chinonyatsozivikanwa chekumuka kubva kuvakafa - chakavezwa pakenza;
• Izvo zvakagadziridzwa zvakagadzirirwa pachigaro chakasimba;
• Akakonzera chigadzirwa ichi chinyorwa negoridhe zvombo pasi.

Kuti urongwa hwekutsvaga huenderere mberi zvakanaka, muzhizha ra1723 imwe tsika yakagadzirwa yakaita seyiyi:

• Imwe nzira yaive yakagadzirwa, kupotsa kubva kwairi kwaiva pasi pekudziviswa kwakasimba;
• Zvose mumugwagwa wepaareka zvaive zvekuvimba naPeter I;
• Panyika, kenza inofanira kunge yakatakurwa nevanhu vanobudirira mumaguta akasiyana;
• Mumakamuri makuru, basa rekutakura areka rakapiwa vafundisi.

Kubva kuNovegorod, simba rakarongerwa kuendeswa nemvura kuSt. Petersburg, apo mutongi pachake aizosangana navo.

Alexander Nevsky (muchinda), zvinyorwa: kutamira kuSt. Petersburg

Zuva rekuendeswa kwezvinyorwa zvakasarudzwa naPetro pachake uye kwete nengozi, muna 1724 Nishtadt rugare rwakamirira kwenguva refu rwakagumiswa, uye chiitiko ichi chepembere chakaratidzwa nekugadzwa kwetsvene kweUtatu Alexander Nevsky Lavra.

MunaJuly, mabhuku acho akasiya Mumiririri wekuzvarwa kwaJesu ndokutanga rwendo rwavo kune imwe imba yevatongi vari kumusoro kwekumusoro. Vakasangana naPetro ini uye ini ndoga ndakavanunura kubva kumahombekombe. Mashefu ari mumitambo yemitambo yakamira pamuromo weRwizi Yora , uye mitambo panguva yechiitiko chekuendeswa kwezvinyorwa zvemuchinda mutsvene zvakaramba kwemazuva matatu muSt. Petersburg. Mukufananidza, mutongi wacho akarayira gore rega rega kuti apemberere August 30 sezororo rechitendero cheOrthodox uye akaronga kuisa mubairo mukukudza Alexander Nevsky. Zvisinei, akanga asina nguva, asi mudzimai wake akazadzisa kurota kwake kuburikidza nekupa chirevo pamusoro pekugadzwa kwechirongwa chemamiriro matsva.

Izvo zvichaitika zvezvinyorwa zveasctic prince kubva kumakore gumi nemasere kusvika kumazana emakore ekutanga

Zvinyorwa zveAlexander Nevsky zvaive mumakumbo kusvikira makumi maviri ezana remakore rapfuura. Nokufamba kwenguva, areka yakatsiviwa nesirivha. Saka mwanasikana waPeter I - Elizabeth - akarayira. Nyaya yacho yakanga iri yenyora kubva kuKolyvan, iyo ndiyo yaiva yekutanga sirivha munyika. Mucheche wakanga wakashongedzwa ne-bas-reliefs, uye pamusoro pazvo vakaisa mufananidzo wechinyorwa chakanyorwa pamatombo.

Pamazororo chaiwo ezvitendero, mwenje wakanamatira pamusoro pezvinyorwa, zvakashongedzwa nemabwe anokosha. Vatongi vazhinji veRussia vakafunga kuti mutoro wavo wekuita basa rinokosha pakushongedzwa kweareka nemisasa. Anenge munhu wose akabayirwa muzvipfeko zvechimwe chinhu chakakosha, achifananidzira kukosha kwechitsuwa cheSt. Petersburg, kwete kweguta chete, asi nyika yose yakazara.

Muna 1922, shrine yakabviswa kubva pamakungwa nemurairo wePetrograd District Committee, uye kenza yakashandurwa ikava musangano wemuziyamu weHermitage. Kwemakore anoda kusvika makumi manomwe, hapana munhu munyika iyo aifarira kuti zvakanyorwa naAlexander Nevsky zvaive zvipi.

Kudzokera kumidzi yako

Muna 1989, shrine yakadzoka kubva pakuvhara. Akaendeswa kunzvimbo yake yekare kubva kuKazan Museum of Religion uye Atheism. Iyi yaiva hovha huru yeOrthodox Russia, iyo inotya mumoyo yavo, yakamirira nguva ino kwemakore akawanda.

Makumi nemasere gumi nemasere gare gare, zvinyorwa zvakabva muTatu Mutsvene Alexander Nevsky Lavra, asi panguva ino chiitiko chacho chaive chiitiko chinofadza - kenza yakaendeswa kumaguta akawanda makuru enyika yedu uye Latvia. Chikamu chezvinyorwa zvakatumirwa kuBulgaria.

The Orthodox yakauya kutemberi dzeVladimir, Pskov, Novgorod nedzimwe maguta kubva kumativi ose eRussia. Munhu wose aida zvishoma nezvekubata kwe shrine uye akakumbira Saint Alexander Nevsky pamusoro pechinhu chake. Mushure mezvose, zvinyorwa zvichiri kuita zvishamiso, sezvinopupurirwa nevatendi vakaporeswa zvirwere zvakakomba.

Zvinyorwa zvemuchinda mutsvene nhasi

Ndepi kupi zvinyorwa zveAlexander Nevsky muSt. Petersburg nhasi? Vose vagari vomunharaunda vachapindura mubvunzo uyu, nokuti guta iri richiri kupemberera zuva rekutumidzwa kwe shrine kubva kuVladimir kusvika kuchamhembe guru. Iyi tsika yakadzoka pakarepo mushure mekudengenyeka kweSoviet Union, uye inonyatsochengetwa nevose veOrthodox uye kunyange vanhu vanogara gore negore.

Iwe unoda kuziva here kuti zvinyorwa zveAlexander Nevsky zvakachengetwa nhasi? Zvino enda zvakananga kuTatu Mutsvene Alexander Nevsky Lavra. Zvinonakidza kuti pachivharo cheareka ipapo pane makumi manomwe nemapfumbamwe zvinyorwa zvevamwe vatsvene. Nokudaro, kana uchisvika mumuchengetedzo, haugone kuona zvakanyanya kukosha kweOrthodox, asi unobatawo dzimwe shrine zvechechi. Vakawanda vanoti ani naani anouya pano nekutenda, achagamuchira kubvumirana kwaAlexander Nevsky mumabasa akanaka.