Chii Embryology? Kuti inoongorora sayenzi embryology?

Science Biology unosanganisira nyaya dzakasiyana-siyana kwazvo, nekuti mumwe kuranga zvakaoma kugamuchira zvose kusiyana vapenyu uye kudzidza zvakawanda zvose biomass ari kuti anotipa redu.

sainzi ose, akavapindurawo, anewo mumwe kupatsanura zvikamu pakubata mutongo upi matambudziko. Saka, zvinoita sokuti zvose upenyu pasi kuramba kudzora munhu anozivikanwa kwavari, vachienzaniswa, vakadzidza uye kushandiswa zvavo zvavaida.

Mumwe yemazuva izvi kuna embryology, zvinova uye acharamba nayo.

Embryology - sayenzi Biological

Chii Embryology? Zvarinoreva uye chii zvidzidzo? Embryology - sayenzi kuti rinoongorora chikamu chipenyu muviri kubva paumbwe zygote (zai) uye upenyu kunoita kuti pakuberekwa. Ndizvo muitiro yose kudzidza embryo kukura zvakadzama, sezvo vakawanda cleavage masero nourume (gastrula dariro) uye asati azvarwa Finished muviri.

The chinhu uye nyaya dzokudzidza

The chinhu sayenzi iyi anenge (anenge) dzinotevera zvipenyu:

1. Plants.
2. Animals.
3. Munhu.

Nyaya nokudzidza embryology ndedzinotevera pezvakaitwa:

1. Cell nekupesana pashure muchangosangana.
2. Paumbwe matatu utachiona akaturikidzana mu embryo munguva yemberi.
3. Education coelomic in.
4. Nezvekugadzirwa symmetry ramangwana mudumbu.
5. The pakuonekwa goko kumativi embryo, achitora rutivi ayo inotungamirwa.
6. Education zviremera vavo nehurongwa.

Kana iwe tarisa chinhu uye nyaya yokudzidza sayenzi iyi, zvinova zvakawanda pachena chii embryology uye zvarinoreva.

Zvinangwa uye Zvinangwa

The chinangwa chikuru kuti anoisa peredsoboy sayenzi iyi - kupa mhinduro dzemibvunzo pamusoro chidzoke upenyu yedu, ndiyo sei paumbwe zvipuka zvine masero akawanda, sei mitemo makemikari zvisikwa zviri pasi rose dzinotsanagura inotungamirwa uye kukura mudumbu, uyewo chii zvinhu uye sei kukanganisa inotungamirwa ichi.

Kuti aite kuti chinangwa sayenzi embryology anotevera mabasa:

1. Kudzidza yakatodzama progeneza pezvakaitwa (inotungamirwa vechirume gametes - oogenesis uye spermatogenesis).
2. Pakuongorora zvigadziriswe pakati inotungamirwa uye zvimwe zygote mudumbu inotungamirwa kusvikira panguva yawo kusunungurwa kunze (the hatching pakati mazai, mazai kana kuzvarwa chiedza).
3. The kudzidza zvizere muchitokisi kutenderera pamusoro samolecular chechetere, vachishandisa mukuru-chisarudzo ano michina.
4. Kuongorora uye kuenzanisa zvigadziriswe masero chaiye uye pathological pezvakaitwa kuti vawane mashoko anokosha achaporesa.

Kugadzirisa dambudziko pamusoro uye kuzadzika chinangwa, sayenzi embryology achagona kuenda vanhu mberi mukunzwisisa zvakasikwa mitemo makemikari nyika, uyewo kuti vawane zvinetso zvakawanda zvokurapa, zvikurukuru akarondedzera mbereko uye kusununguka.

History of budiriro

Development kuti embryology sechinhu sainzi, anoenda kuburikidza kunzwisisa uye minzwa nzira. Zvakatanga pamwe masayendisiti maviri makuru uye vazivi nguva dzose - Aristotle uye Hippocrates. Uye nokuda embryology vakanga vaipikisa maonero mumwe.

Somuenzaniso, Hippocrates aiva mutsigiri dzidziso, iyo yave iripo kwenguva refu, kusvikira XVII remakore. Rainzi "preformation" uye ayo chaizvoizvo ari sezvinotevera. Ose muviri mhenyu iri kuwedzera kukura pamusoro kwenguva, asi asingaiti kuumba mukati chero zvivako zvitsva uye nhengo. Nokuti mitumbi zvose vatova dzapedza chimiro, asi akaderedza zvikuru, vari munhurume kana munhukadzi dzokubereka sero (pano, vatsigiri dzidziso haina kunyatsoreva rinorondedzerwa dzavo views: vamwe vakafunga kuti zvose zvakafanana zviri nehadzi, vamwe varume vari keji). Saka, zvinoita sokuti embryo inokura chete wakagadzirira mitumbi yose yakawanikwa kubva baba kana mai.

Uyewo pashure Vanotsigira dzidziso iyi rakanga Sharl Bonne, Marcello Malpighi, uye vamwe.

Aristotle, nekusiyana, aiva anokumhan'arira pakati dzidziso preformation uye mutsigiri epigenetic dzidziso. Zvairehwa ndiyo ichi: zvose mitumbi uye STRUCTURAL zvinhu zvipenyu akaumba mukati embryo zvishoma nezvishoma, achifuridzirwa zvezvakatipoteredza ezvinhu uye zvemukati ezvinhu. Vanotsigira pfungwa iyi vave nyanzvi dzakawanda Renaissance, vachitungamirirwa Georges Buffon, Karlom Berom.

Chaizvoizvo embryology somunhu nesayenzi yakabuda munzvimbo XVIII remakore. Just ipapo paiva akatevedzana kwakajeka matongo, izvo akabvumira kuongorora uye muchidimbu vaunganidza zvinhu nokubatanidza nayo ive coherent dzidziso.

1. 1759 K. Wolff kurondedzera kuvapo uye inotungamirirwa panguva embryo Kugadzirwa huku utachiona akaturikidzana, izvo zvinogona maipa kukonzera zvivako zvitsva uye miviri.
2. 1827 Carl Baer rinovhura zai mhuka. Iyewo rakabudiswa basa rake, iro rinotsanangura zvishoma nezvishoma paumbwe utachiona akaturikidzana, uye vakuru vari nedanho kukura shiri.
3. Carl Baer anoratidza zvakafanana embryonic maumbirwo neshiri, nezvinokambaira uye mhuka, iyo anobvumira kuti tigumise pamusoro kubatana Origin of Species, uyewo kutsanangura kodzero dzavo (Baer): kugadzira zvinenge zvinobva mukuru kune zvikuru. Ndiko, pakutanga vose zvivako ndiwo chete, pasinei mhando nomutsa kana kirasi. Uye chete nokufamba kwenguva pane mumwe specializations neimwe chisikwa.

Mushure Zvavakawana izvi uye kurondedzerwa chirango kutanga kuwana tichimhanya ari kukura. Kuvakwa embryology kuti vertebrate uye invertebrate nemhuka, zvinomera uye vanhu.

ano embryology

Panguva ino padariro chiitiko chikuru basa embryology anoona zvinoratidza musimboti muchitokisi Kusiyanisa zvigadziriswe mu zvipuka zvine masero akawanda Utachiona, achiratidza zvaidiwa mugumisiro reagents siyana pamusoro pokumuka embryo. Uyewo guru pfungwa rwakabhadharwa kuna kudzidza zvigadziriswe pakati pathological ezvinhu nezvazvinoreva kukura embryo.

Kubudirira kwesayenzi yemazuva ano, achiita zvakazara buritsa nyaya chii embryology, ndeinotevera:

1. DP Filatov akaratidza zvigadziriswe pakati yakawiriranwa zvaiitwa cellular hurongwa imwe iri nedanho embryo kukura, embryology dzakabatana Data pamwe yokungotaura zvinhu zviri shanduka dzidziso.
2. Severtsev yakatanga dzidziso recapitulation, musimboti chiri kuti ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny.
3. P. P. Ivanov akasika dzidziso larval muviri zvikamu zviri protostomes mhuka.
4. Svetlov formulates urongwa kujekesa zvikuru kunzwisisa, nguva kutsoropodza embryogenesis.

In embryology ichi ano haagumiri uye anoramba kuongorora uye kuwana mapatani itsva uye zvigadziriswe foni cytogenetic zvigadziko.

Kutaurirana nevamwe sayenzi

Nheyo Embryology chokuita nedzimwe sayenzi. Handiti chete Integrated kushandisa yokungotaura Data ose chingashamwaridzana anoranga unokubvumira unobudirira chaizvo zvinokosha uye kuti mhedziso inokosha.

With zvinotevera sayenzi kufanana embryology:

• histology;
• cytology;
• genetics;
• nemakemikari omuviri;
• ezvinhu zvipenyu;
• anatomi;
• physiology;
• mushonga.

Izvi Embryology chinokosha hwaro sayenzi iyi, uye vakutarisire. Kureva, mbiri-nzira kukurukurirana, yakawiriranwa.

Kupatsanura embryology zvikamu

Embryology - sayenzi kuti inodzidza kwete chete paumbwe embryo, asi Bookmark zvose pezvivako dzacho dzekare chimiro kwakabva utachiona masero. Uyezve, kukura kwebasa raro kudzidza yaisanganisira, uye physico-namakemikari zvikonzero kukanganisa mudumbu. Naizvozvo, yakadaro yakakwirira yokungotaura Vhoriyamu zvinhu akabvumira kuti aumbe zvikamu zvinoverengeka sayenzi iyi:

1. General embryology.
2. Experimental.
3. Kuenzanisa.
4. Environmental.
5. Zvokukura zvipenyu.

Nzira kudzidza sayenzi

In embryology, sezvo dzimwe sayenzi, ine nzira yayo kudzidza siyana nyaya.

1. Microscopy (zvemagetsi, chiedza).
2. chitsvuku Zvivako nzira.
3. Intravital richiona (Tracking pamusoro morphogenetic masangano).
4. Application histochemistry.
5. Okusuma radioisotopes.
6. Nemakemikari nzira.
7. Parts kwetsinga embryo.

Kudzidza embryo dzevanhu

embryology womunhu mumwe anokosha zvikamu sayenzi iyi, nekuti nemhaka dzakawanda vanhu migumisiro pakutsvakurudza wake aigona kugadzirisa matambudziko akawanda zvoutano.

Chii chaizvo kudzidza chirango?

1. Danho-musimboti inotungamirwa nedanho munhu, izvo zvinosanganisira chikuru akawanda matanho - kupwanya, gastrulation, histogenesis uye organogenesis.
2. Inotungamirwa pathologies siyana panguva embryogenesis dzavo dzenharo.
3. Zvazvakaita mumuviri makemikari zvikonzero pamusoro mudumbu kwevanhu.
4. Mukana nokusika chakagadzirwa mamiriro ezvinhu nucleation kuuyisa kwemakemikari yomuchipatara kuchengeta siyana navo.

kukosha sayenzi

Embryology anopa mukana wokudzidza idzi inotungamirwa tuvana akadai:

• Pakuurayiwa miviri dzidzo uye avo mugadziriro utachiona akaturikidzana;
• nezvenguva dzakawanda kutsoropodza ontogeny embryo;
• kuti sei inotungamirwa kwavo uye sei kutarisira nokuda zvinodiwa munhu.

tsvakurudzo wake pachiimbwa mashoko dzimwe sayenzi kubvumira vanhu kuti vagadzirise zvinetso zvinokosha yezvisikwa zvokurapa uye wemhuka urongwa.

Basa Kurangwa vanhu

Chii embryology yevanhu? Chii iye anomupa? Seiko vanoda wake kukura uye kudzidza?

Chekutanga, embryology zvidzidzo uye kunotipa kugadzirisa matambudziko ano wekusangana uye inotungamirwa nuclei. Nhasi, saka, isu yakatanga nzira chakagadzirwa insemination, surrogacy, uye zvichingodaro.

Chechipiri, embryology nzira kubvumira kufanotaura zvose zvinobvira anomalies ari mudumbu uye kwakavatadzisa.

Chechitatu, embryologists anogona kuronga uye kushandisa zvatinopiwa pamusoro matanho abva pamuviri uye ectopic pamuviri, uye kushandisa masimba pamusoro pamuviri.

Hazvisi zvose zvazvakanakira dzinokurukurwa Kurangwa vanhu. Chinhu nokukurumidza kukura sainzi, vane ramangwana kuchiri kuuya.