Chii anonzi muviri? Muviri: Definition

Chii anonzi muviri, uye sei kusiyana nemamwe zvinhu zvakasikwa? Pasi pfungwa iyi kunzwisisa muviri mupenyu, iyo ine muzvizhinji zvivako zvakasiyana. Ivo kusiyanisa nhengo kubva nyaya asiri mupenyu. Translated kubva muchiLatin organismus rinoreva "zivisa mutete tarirai," "kuronga". zita chairo rinoreva mumwe sechivako chero muviri. tsvakurudzo iyi inotaura pamusoro zvipenyu muchikwata. Zvipenyu zviri zvinoorora kusiyana kwavakaita. Sezvo vamwe vanhu vanobatanidzwa mune Zvinoumba kwemarudzi uye vanhu. Nemamwe mashoko - chiri STRUCTURAL chairema imwe nemararamiro. Kuti tinzwisise chii anonzi muviri, zvinofanira kuonekwa akasiyana zvinhu.

General kupatsanura

Nhengo kunorondedzerwa zvikuru kutsanangura zvizere ayo chaizvoizvo, ine masero. Nyanzvi kuona dzakadaro vnesistematicheskie Mapato zvinhu:

• celled;

• zvipuka zvine masero akawanda.

Ari oga boka risati rava ungano zvenguva therebetween chikamu sezvo mapoka unicellular zvipenyu. mugove wavo mukuru mupfungwa ari asiri yenyukireya uye yenyukireya. Nokuti zvivanakire zvose izvi zvinhu anoparadzirwa achiyambuka mapoka akawanda. Pamusana weboka iri muzvikamu kuti zvinhu zvipenyu (zvipenyu kirasi 6) vari muchidimbu nenzira yakakura chaivo hurongwa kupatsanura.

Pfungwa Sero

Tsanangudzo "muviri" rakabatana pamwe Mapato akadai sero. It nderei chairema upenyu. Sero Ndizvo mutakuri chaiye dzose zvivako mupenyu muviri. Zvakasikwa chete nemavhairasi izvo vasiri cellular chimiro, havana navo ayo mamiriro. Ichi chikwata inokosha youpenyu uye mamiriro zvipenyu nhaka raora pamusoro zvivako uye mashandiro kuti muviri. Cell anokwanisa chinozvimirira, uye kukura anozvipira kubereka.

Pfungwa chipenyu muviri zviri nyore kuti nedudziro utachiona zhinji uye majemusi, izvo zvinenge chete-celled uye zvipuka zvine masero akawanda notumwe, miti, mhuka, dzine munhu muzvizhinji vezvikwata izvi muupenyu. masero siyana nokuzvidya maumbirwo kwavo. Saka, mumwe akafanana zvinosanganisira prokaryotic organelle akadai Kamudzira, plasmalemma, sero rusvingo, ribosomes, cytoplasm, plasmid nucleoid, flagellum, kunwa. In eukaryotes, pane zvinotevera organelles: musimboti, Kamudzira zvenyukireya, ribosomes, lysosomes, mitochondria, Golgi midziyo, vacuoles, vesicles, sero membrane.

The zvipenyu tsananguro "muviri" iri kuongorora chikamu chose sayenzi iyi. Marongerwo uye dzinotsanagura upenyu hwavo paaivatambudza cytology. Mumakore achangopfuura, zvinonzi kakawanda anonzi muchitokisi zvipenyu.

celled Utachiona

Pfungwa yokuti "chete-celled muviri" chinorehwa non-systemic chikamu zvinhu, izvo muviri une musero rimwe chete. Zvinosanganisira:

• prokaryotes kuti murege kunge formalized muchitokisi neerekitironi dzimwe dzakawanda organelles pamwe membranes. Ivo havana Kamudzira yenyukireya. Vane osmotrofny uye autotrophic mhando zvokudya (photosynthesis uye chemosynthesis).

• eukaryotes, izvo sero chine core.

Vazhinji vakabvuma kuti kuroorwa-celled zvinenge vokutanga zvipenyu pasi redu. Masayendisiti anodavira kuti kupfuura kare vavo archaea uye utachiona. Unicellular protists vari kakawanda aitaura - eukaryotic Utachiona, izvo haana kuiswawo vari muchikwata che notumwe, zvinomera uye mhuka.

zvipuka zvine masero akawanda Utachiona

Zvipuka zvine masero akawanda, tsanangudzo iyo inofambirana nenyaya paumbwe rakabatana rose, zviri zvikuru kunzwisisa chimwe-celled zvinhu. Izvi kuchibva Kusiyanisa-siyana zvivako, izvo zvinosanganisira masero, nyama uye nhengo dzomuviri. Paumbwe zvipuka zvine masero akawanda unotora kuparadzana uye kusangana dzakasiyana mashandiro ari ontogeny (munhu) uye phylogeny (dzakaitika kukura).

Zvipuka zvine masero akawanda zvinenge akaumbwa masero akawanda, mazhinji akasiyana marongerwo uye kushanda. The chete kunze ndiwo hunde masero (mu mhuka) uye cambium masero (mu zvirimwa).

Zvipuka zvine masero akawanda uye ichitongwa

The bhayoroji chinosiyanisa zvipuka zvine masero akawanda zvinenge uye mapoka chete-celled. Pasinei imwe zvakafanana. izvi zvipenyu venyama, pane zvinokosha kusiyana pakati pavo:

• zvipuka zvine masero akawanda zvinenge - iri munharaunda masero siyana zvakawanda nechivako zvavo uye anokosha mabasa. muviri wayo yakaitwa kubva micheka zvakasiyana. Nokuti muviri ichi vane yepamusoro pamwero kusangana nemasero. Vari kusiyaniswa-siyana avo.

• mapoka unicellular ine zvakafanana masero. Vanofanira zvinenge zvisingaiti kukamura tishu.

Muganhu pakati yaitonga uye zvipuka zvine masero akawanda damerau. Zvakasikwa, pane zvipenyu akadai Volvox, izvo ayo mamiriro muri muhutongi chete-celled, asi vane somatic uye rokubereka masero, izvo vakasiyana mumwe. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti okutanga zvinenge zvipuka zvine masero akawanda akazviratidza ari redu mabhiriyoni 2.1 chete. Makore akapfuura.

Kusiyana zvinenge kubva miviri upenyu

Pfungwa imwe "muviri mhenyu" rinoreva kunzwisisa makemikari anoumba chinhu. Rine mapuroteni uye nucleic acids. In izvi zvakasiyana mitumbi yose zvisina upenyu zvakasikwa. Vanosiyanawo ari raora zvivako zvayo. Pasinei nokuti muviri chisina upenyu uyewo nhaka zvinoverengeka physicochemical zvivako, rokuti "muviri" zvinosanganisira vazhinji maitiro. Vane zvakawanda siyana.

Kuti tinzwisise chii anonzi muviri, zvinokosha kudzidza ehupfumi ayo. Sezvo ane zvinotevera unhu:

• muviri, izvo zvinosanganisira simba nerubatsiro (kunwa muviri), kusarudzwa (goho uye kunokuvadza tsvina), sangano (kuchinja nzvimbo mumuviri kana zvikamu musadaro muchadenga).

• The maonero uye kubudiswa mashoko, izvo zvinosanganisira kushatirwa uye kufunganya, vachibvumira kunzwisisa kwokunze uye dzimwe anonongedzera uye zvokusarudza kuipindura.

• nhodzera, vachibvumira uchatamisa zvizvarwa zvavo zviratidzo variability, inova musiyano pakati vanhu zvakafanana kwemarudzi.

• Development (kusingarapiki kuchinja muupenyu) kukura (kuwedzera kukura uye uremu nokuda biosynthesis), kubereka (kutamba akafanana pachavo).

Kupatsanura pahwaro muchitokisi mamiriro

Nyanzvi akagoverana anoteya zvose zvipenyu 2 superkingdom:

• pre-yenyukireya (prokaryotes) - evolutionarily chikuru, zvikuru nyore mhando nemasero. Zvakanga ivo vaiva vokutanga siyana zvipenyu Panyika.

• Zvenyukireya (eukaryotes), rinobva prokaryotes. Uyu zvikuru yepamusoro mhando foni ane neerekitironi. Most zvipenyu pamusoro yedu, kusanganisira vanhu, muri eukaryotic.

Nuclear superkingdom, akavapindurawo, rakakamurwa ushe zvina:

• protists (parafilitiechskaya boka), izvo yemadzitateguru kune zvose nezvimwe zvinhu zvipenyu;

• howa;

• miti;

• mhuka.

For prokaryotes dzinosanganisira:

• utachiona kusanganisira cyanobacteria (zvitema-rwegirini algae);

• archaea.

The maitiro zviri zvipenyu aya:

• Kushaya wakabudiswa musimboti;

• kuvapo flagella, vacuoles, plasmids;

• kuvapo zvivako umo photosynthesis kunoitika;

• chimiro kubereka;

• kukura ribosome.

Pasinei chokwadi kuti zvinenge zvose zvisingapindirani kuwanda masero vavo specialization, masero ose eukaryotic vanoonekwa ne imwe zvakafanana. chacho. Vari dzinoratidzwa nevakawanda mavambo, saka boka iri monophyletic taxon chemhando chinzvimbo. Maererano masayendisiti, eukaryotic zvinenge akazviratidza Pasi vanenge mamiriyoni 2. Makore akapfuura. The rinokosha muchinangwa chitarisiko chavo symbiogenesis rinomirira symbiosis pakati sero rine neerekitironi vanokwanisa phagocytosis, izvozvo zvakawanda uye utachiona. Vaiva nzira vanhu organelles zvinokosha izvi sezvo chloroplasts uye mitochondria.

Mezokarioty

Zvakasikwa, pane zvipenyu zviri zvenguva pakati prokaryotes uye eukaryotes. Dzinonzi mezokariotami. Vakasiyana navo sangano majini midziyo. Ichi boka zvipenyu zvinosanganisira dinoflagellates (dinoflagellates). Vane kusiyaniswa neerekitironi, asi maumbirwo masero akachengetedzwa zviri primitiveness kuti vari kuri muna nucleoid. Nyorai sangano majini midziyo yose zvipenyu izvi hazvisi chete kuonekwa sechinhu kuchinja, asi sezvo yakazvimirira bazi okukura.

Utachiona

Tusingaoneki iri boka mhenyu zvivako, zvikuru diki kukura. Havagoni kuonekwa pamwe chinoabatsira. Kazhinji, saizi wavo idukusa 0.1 mm. boka iri zvinosanganisira:

• anuclear prokaryotes (utachiona uye archaea);

• eukaryotes (protists, notumwe).

Ruzhinji zvigare zviri sero chete. Pasinei neizvi, zvakasikwa, pane chimwe celled zvipenyu nyore kuonekwa pasina maikorosikopu Somuenzaniso, Huge polikarion Thiomargarita namibiensis (zvomumvura giremu negative utachiona). Inoongorora upenyu zvipenyu zvidukuduku.

transgenic Utachiona

Munguva ichangopfuura mutsara uyu uri kunzwa sei transgenic muviri. Chii? Chiri muviri, kuti genome icho artificially akasuma Gene mamwe mupenyu chinhu. It chinotarisirwa muchimiro nemagene kuvaka, inova DNA kutevedzana. Kakawanda iri kwemabhakitiriya plasmid. Kuburikidza manipulations dzakadaro masayendisiti ari zvipenyu vane ehupfumi qualitatively itsva. Masero aya pave puroteni Gene kuti yave akatanga kupinda genome.

Pfungwa yokuti "muviri womunhu"

Somumwe mupenyu anoramba vanhu kudzidza sayenzi zvipenyu. Muviri womunhu chinhu chinokosha, kare, vakagwinya hurongwa. Iye ane imwe marongerwo uye kubudirira. Uyezve, muviri womunhu ari kugara vachionana zvakatipoteredza. Kufanana zvose zvipenyu zvose panyika, izvozvo ane cellular marongerwo. Vanoumba jira:

• epithelial, riri pamusoro pemvura muviri. It anoumba ganda uye masvingo ari mudungwe negomba nhengo nemidziyo ropa mukati. Uyewo, nzvimbo dzomuviri idzi varipo vari namahwindo in muviri. Kune mhando dzakawanda epithelium: ganda, itsvo, intestinal, kufema. The masero anoumba jira, ndivo hwaro dzakachinjwa hurongwa hwakadai dzakadai zvipikiri, bvudzi, mazino enamel.

• Muscle pamwe zvivako contractility uye excitability. Nokuda zvinyama ichi pezvakaitwa injini vakatakudzwa mukati muviri wayo kufamba muchadenga. Tsandanyama akaumbwa masero, izvo microfibrils (contractile fibers). Vari rakakamurwa kumeso uye striated tsandanyama.

• Connection, izvo zvinosanganisira pfupa, shwashwa, adipose rinenge uyewo ropa, node, nemarunda nemarunda. kusiyana kwayo zvose zvacho zvakafanana mesodermal mavambo, kunyange zvazvo imwe neimwe ine basa uye STRUCTURAL zvinhu.

• huta kuti siyana anokosha masero - Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu (STRUCTURAL uye dzichipfekeka chikwata) uye neuroglia. Avo akasiyana maumbirwo yavo. Saka dzouropi rine muviri 2 uye pezvakaitwa: dendrites branching pfupi uye refu axons. The Coated, ivo vanoumba tsinga fibers. Vakuru, Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu akakamurwa injini (efferent), kutsinga dzinouya (afferent), kupindira. Nzvimbo achichinja kubva kune mumwe wavo anonzi synapse. The inokosha ehupfumi pamusoro zvinyama ichi: conduction uye excitability.

Chii chinonzi muviri pane zvimwewo mupfungwai? mhando ina micheka vanoumba nhengo (muviri chikamu ane zvakananga chimiro, mamiriro uye mashandiro) vavo nehurongwa. Sei vakaumba? Sezvo Implementation vamwe mashandiro anoita muviri mumwe hauchadi, zvivako zvavo vari aumba. Ndezvipi? hurongwa kwakadaro - mubatanidzwa miviri anoverengeka kuti vane yakafanana yakarongeka, budiriro uye ushande. Ivo vose vanoumba hwaro womunhu muviri. Izvi zvinosanganisira vakadaro gadziriro:

• zvetsandanyama nemapfupa (mapfupa, tsandanyama);

• zvomudumbu (turakiti yeprostate);

• kufema (nomumapapu, kufema turakiti);

• kutsinga dzinouya nhengo (nzeve, maziso, mhuno, muromo, asi vestibular midziyo, ganda);

• chechikadzi (vechirume nhengo dzakavandika);

• huta (nechepakati, peripheral);

• kweropa (mwoyo, midziyo ropa);

• kwemakemikari anobudiswa (kwemakemikari anobudiswa gland);

• integumentary (ganda);

• Urinary turakiti (itsvo, kutungamirira nenzira).

The muviri wenyama, kutsunga anogona achimiririrwa dzakaunganidzwa siyana nadzo uye hurongwa ane huru (the kusarudza) Pakutanga - genotype. Ndicho majini bumbiro. Nemamwe mashoko - kuva majini kurarama chinhu akawana kubva kuvabereki. Chero mhando zvigare, zvinomera, mhuka, ane tsika kuti genotype naye.