Carboxylic acids: muviri chaiwo. Salts of carboxylic acids

Zvinenge dzimba dzose dzine vhiniga. Uye vanhu vakawanda vanoziva kuti nheyo yayo ndeye acetic acid. Asi chii chinobva kumakemikari nzvimbo yekuona? Ndezvipi zvimwe zvikamu zvehupenyu zvezvikamu izvi zviripo uye ndezvipi zvazvo? Ngatiedzei kunzwisisa nyaya iyi uye tidzidze kuregererwa kwemonobasic carboxylic acids. Uyezve, kwete chete maAactic, asiwo mamwewo anoshandiswa muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, uye zvinyorwa zveava acid inowanzouya vaenzi mumhuri imwe neimwe.

Chikoro che carboxylic acids: chimiro chinowanikwa

Kubva pakuona kwe sayenzi yemakemikari, iyi klasi yemakemikari inosanganisira oksijeni-ine makomlekoro ane boka rakasiyana-siyana reatomu-boka re carboxyl rinoshanda. Iine fomu -COOH. Nokudaro, shanduro yakawanda iyo yose inokanganisa monobasic carboxylic acids ine ndeyotevera: R-COOH, apo R ichinhu chakakura chinogona kusanganisira nhamba ipi neipi yemaatomu ecarboni.

Maererano neizvi, tsanangudzo yeklasi iyi yemakemikari inogona kupiwa. Carboxylic acids ndiwo organic oxygen-ine makomorikisi ane imwe kana mamwe mapoka anoshanda -COOH-carboxyl.

Kutaura kwekuti zvinhu izvi zvakananga kune acids zvinotsanangurwa nekufamba kweatomu e-hydrogen mu carboxyl. Ihutachiona hwemagetsi hunoparadzaniswa zvisina kukwana, sezvo okisijeni ndiyo inonyanya kusarudzwa mune boka. Kubva pane izvi, OH bond yakanyanyisa, uye inonzi hydrogen atomu inowanzoshungurudzika. Inoparadzaniswa nyore nyore, kupinda mumakemikari ekubatana. Nokudaro, iyo acid muzvikamu zvinopihwa inopa zvakafanana zvakafanana:

• Phenolphthalein - isina kuchena;
• Litmus - tsvuku;
• Zvose-zvitsvuku;
• Methyl orange - tsvuku uye vamwe.

Nokuda kweatomu e-hydrogen, carboxylic acids inoratidza oxidizing zvinhu. Zvisinei, kuvapo kwemamwe maatomu kunovabvumira kudzoka, kutora chikamu mune zvimwe zvekubatana.

Kurongwa

Zvinokwanisika kusiyanisa zvinhu zvakasiyana siyana zvinokosha izvo carboxylic acids zvakakamurwa kuva mapoka. Yokutanga yeiyi ndiwo maitiro ezvakawanda. Izvi zvinotevera zvinosarudzwa nokuda kwechikonzero ichi:

• Alicyclic acids. Muenzaniso: kunyengera.
• Aromatic. Muenzaniso: benzoic.
• Aliphatic. Muenzaniso: acetic, acrylic, oxalic nevamwe.
• Heterocyclic. Muenzaniso: nicotinic.

Kana tikataura pamusoro pezvisungo mumamolekoro, tinogonawo kusiyanisa mapoka maviri eacid:

• Kukanganisa - kushamwaridzana kwose kunongova usina kuroora;
• Unlimited - inowanika kaviri, imwe kana kupfuura.

Uyewo, nhamba yemapoka evanhu vanogona kushanda sechiratidzo chekugadzirisa. Nokudaro, zvinotevera zvikamu zvakasiyana.

1. Monobasic - chete -COOH-boka. Muenzaniso: formic, stearic, butane, valerian nevamwe.
2. Dibasic - maererano, mapoka maviri -COOH. Muenzaniso: oxalic, malonova nevamwe.
3. Polybasi - mumon , lactic nevamwe.

Zvichiri kuwedzera munyaya ino, tichakurukura chete kukanganisa monobasic carboxylic acids ye aliphatic series.

Nhoroondo yekuwanikwa

Kuita waini kunowedzera kubvira kare. Uye, sezvamunoziva, chimwe chezvakagadzirwa ndiAactic acid. Nokudaro, nhoroondo ye mukurumbira weklasi iyi yemakemikari ine midzi yawo kubvira panguva dzaRobert Boyle naJohn Glauber. Zvisinei, chimiro chemakemikari aya mamolekoro haigoni kujekeswa kwenguva refu.

Kwemazuva mazhinji, maonero evanhu vanokosha ehurumende anotungamirirwa, avo vakaramba kubvira kwekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa pasina vapenyu. Asi kare muna 1670 D. Ray akakwanisa kuwana mumiriri wekutanga - methane kana formic acid. Akaita izvi nekupisa muhomwe yezvisikwa zvipenyu.

Gare gare mabasa emasayendisiti Berzelius naKolbe vakaratidzira kukwanisa kwekugadziriswa kwezvinomera izvi kubva muzvinhu zvisingawaniki (distillation yemarasha). Somugumisiro, acetic yakawanikwa. Nokudaro, carboxylic acids (muviri, chimiro) zvakadzidzwa uye kutanga kwakatanga kuwanikwa kwevamwe vamiririri vezvimwe zvikamu zvinonzi aliphatic.

Physical properties

Nhasi vose vamiririri vavo vadzidza zvakadzama. Kune mumwe nomumwe wavo, unogona kuwana chimiro chezvinhu zvose, kusanganisira kushandiswa mumhizha uye kuva mune zvakasikwa. Tichakurukura kuti chii chinonzi carboxylic acids, chimiro chemuviri nezvimwe zvikamu.

Saka, tinokwanisa kusiyanisa hutano hunokosha hunoenderana nemiganhu.

1. Kana nhamba yeatomu eakoni mumaketani isingapfuuri mashanu, zvino iyi inhuhwirira, inofamba uye ine simba rakawanda. Pamusoro pechishanu - nzara yeoily substances, kunyange zvakanyanya - yakasimba, parafini.
2. Uwandu hwevamiririri vaviri vekutanga hunopfuura imwe. Zvose zvese zvinopenya kupfuura mvura.
3. Dhaka yekubikira: yakakura ketani, iyo yakakosha kukosha. Iyo yakawanda yakawanda yebhanchi, yakaderera.
4. Nheyo inonyorera: inobva pakurongeka kwemaatomu eakoni mumaketani. Mune iyo kunyange yakakwirira, zvisingaoneki zviri pasi.
5. Vanoputika kwazvo mumvura.
6. Ivo vanogona kugadzira masimba akasimba e-hydrogen.

Zvinhu zvakadai zvinotsanangurwa nehutano hwekugadzirisa, uye naizvozvo chimiro che crystal lattice, simba rayo. Iyo yakawanda yakajeka uye yakarongeka mamolekemu, yakakwirira maitiro ayo carboxylic acids anopa. Zvisikwa zvezvikamu izvi zvinotibvumira kuona nzvimbo uye nzira dzekuzvishandisa mumhizha.

Makemikari zvinhu

Sezvatakaratidzwa pamusoro apa, aya acid anogona kuratidza zvinhu zvakasiyana. Kugadziriswa nekutora kwavo kwakabatanidzwa kune zvakakosha pakugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri emashizha mazhinji. Isu tinoreva zvikamu zvakakosha zvemakemikari izvo monobasic carboxylic acid inogona kuratidza.

1. Kusiyanisa: R-COOH = RCOO ^- + H ⁺ .
   
2. Iyo inoratidzira acidic properties, kureva kuti , inobatanidza ne-basic oxides, uyewo hydroxides yavo. Nesimbi iri nyore inopindirana zvichienderana nehuwandu hwechirongwa (kureva, chete kune avo vanomira pamberi peHyrogen muzvimwe zvinonetsa).
3. Nesimba yakasimba (inorganic) inoita sechando.
4. Inokwanisa kudzokera kune doro rekutanga.
5. Chinokosha kugadzirisa isterification. Iyi kubatana newaini kuti zvigadzire chigadzirwa chakaoma-ether.
6. Iro decobboxylation reaction, kureva kuti, cleavage kubva mumuumbi we carbon dioxide molecule.
7. Inokwanisa kutaurirana ne halides yezvinhu zvakadai sa phosphorus uye sulfur.

Zviri pachena, kuti vangani-vakadimbu vane carboxylic acids. Zvisikwa, semakemikari, zvakasiyana chaizvo. Mukuwedzera, inofanira kutaurwa kuti kazhinji, musimba seAicid, yose inokonzerwa nemakomlekoro haina kusimba zvakaenzana nekuenzaniswa navo. Kusiyana kwavo kwekuparadzanisa hakuiti kudarika 4.8.

Nzira dzekuwana

Kune nzira dzinoverengeka dzinokosha umo inokwanisika kuwana chiremera chemaridhiic acid.

1. Mu laboratori, izvi zvinoitwa nekusanganiswa:

• Alcohols;
• Aldehydes;
• Alkynes;
• Alkylbenzenes;
• Destruction of alkenes.

2. Hydrolysis:

• Esters;
• Nitriles;
• Amides;
• Trihaloalkanes.

3. Decarboxylation - kubviswa kwe CO ₂ molecule.

4. Muchengetedzi, kushandiswa kunoitwa ne oxidizing hydrocarbons ine nhamba yakawanda yeatomu yekasi muketani. Iyo nzira inoitwa mumatanho akasiyana-siyana nekusunungurwa kwevakawanda ne-michina.

5. Vamwe munhu acid (formic, acetic, mafuta, valerian uye mamwe) anogadzirwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana achishandisa zvisikwa zvakasikwa.

Mazana emakemikari ekuderedza carboxylic acid: salt

Salts of carboxylic acids inokosha makemikari anoshandiswa mumashini. Izvo zvinowanikwa nekuda kwekubatana kwekupedzisira ne:

• Metals;
• Basic oxides;
• Amphoteric oksidi ;
• Alkalis;
• Amphoteric hydroxides.

Kunyanya kukosha pakati pavo ndeaya anoumbwa pakati pealkali meta, sodium uye potasium uye zvakanyanya kukwana acid - palmitic, stearic. Mushure mezvose, zvigadzirwa zvekubatana kwakadaro massipiti, mvura uye yakasimba.

Soaps

Saka, kana tichitaura nezvemaitiro akafanana: 2C ₁₇ H ₃₅ -COOH + 2Na = 2C ₁₇ H ₃₅ COONa + H ₂ ,

Zvadaro zvinogadzirwa - sodium stearate - ndeyomuzvarirwo inowanzoshamba mbiriso yekushongedzesa kushandiswa kushambidza nguo.

Kana iwe ukatsiva asidi ne palmitic acid, uye simbi ne potassium, uchawana palmitate potassium, sese yemvura yekugeza maoko ako. Nokudaro, rinogona kutaurwa nechivimbo kuti salts ye carboxylic acids inowanikwa yakakosha michina yehupenyu. Maitiro avo ekugadzira uye kushandiswa zvinongova zvakakura muhuwandu. Kana iwe uchifungidzira kuti sipo yakawanda sei munhu wese anoshandisa Pasi, saka zviri nyore kufungidzira zviyero izvi.

Esters of carboxylic acids

Iboka rakakosha remakemikari, rine nzvimbo yaro mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvezvinhu. Iri ndiro kirasi ye esters. Iyo inoumbwa panguva yekuita kwe carboxylic acids nedoro. Zita rekubatana kwakadaro ndiko kugadzirisa esterification. Maonero evanhu vose anogona kusimudzirwa ney equation:

R ^, -COOH + R "-OH = R ^, -COOR" + H ₂ O.

Chigadzirwa nemaviri radicals is ester. Zviri pachena, semugumisiro wezvinoitika, carboxylic acid, doro, ester nemvura zvakagadziriswa zvikuru. Saka, hydrogen inobva mu molecule ye-asidi inoenda mumhando ye cation uye inosangana neboka re hydrolo, rinoparadzaniswa kubva kune doro. Somugumisiro, korolekemu yemvura inoumbwa. Iko kuunganidza zvakasara kubva kune asidi kunowedzera zvakanyanya kune doro, kuumba ester molecule.

Chii chinonyanya kukosha pamusoro pekugadzirisa uku uye chii chinorehwa nemaindasitiri emishonga yavo? Chinhu chacho ndechekuti esters anoshandiswa, se:

• Zvokudya zvinowedzera;
• Aromatic additives;
• Chikamu chezvinonhuwira;
• Solvents;
• Zvikamu zvevarnish, mapepa, plastiki;
• Mishonga nezvimwe zvakadaro.

Zvinonzwisisika kuti nzvimbo dzekushandisa kwavo dzakakura zvakakwana kuti zvive nechokuita nehuwandu hwekugadzirwa mumhizha.

Ethanoic acid (acetic acid)

Iyi ndiyo yakakosha monobasic carboxylic acid yemuongorori wei aliphatic, iyo ndeyeyi inowanzoenderana nekugadzirwa kwepasi rose. Chirevo chacho chiri CH ₃ COOH. Uku kupararira kunokonzerwa nezvinhu zvayo. Mushure mezvose, nzvimbo dzekushandiswa kwayo dzakanyanya kwazvo.

1. Iyo iri kuwedzera kwezvokudya pasi pemutsetse E-260.
2. Inoshandiswa muzvigadzirwa zvekudya kuchengetedza.
3. Inoshandiswa mukurapa kwekushandiswa kwemishonga.
4. Nyanzvi mukugadzirira kwemakwenzi anonhuhwirira.
5. Solvent.
6. Anobatanidzwa mukudhinda, kupfeka mbatya.
7. Chimwe chinhu chinokosha mukugadzirisa kwekemikari syntheses yezvinhu zvizhinji.

Muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, huwandu hwemazana makumi mapfumbamwe nemakumi mashanu ehutano hunoti "acetic essence" uye kana ukaiwedzera kusvika ku 15%, uchawana vhiniga. A pure 100% acid inonzi glacial acetic acid.

Formic acid

Ndiyo yekutanga uye ari nyore kumiririra wekirasi iyi. Chirevo chacho ndeche UNSO. Icho chiwedzerwa chezvokudya pasi pemutsetse E-236. Zvinhu zvaro zvisikwa:

• Masvosve uye nyuchi;
• Nettle;
• Nhamba;
• Zvibereko.

Nzvimbo huru dzekushandisa:

• Kuchengetedza nekugadzirira kwekudya kwemhuka;
• Inoshandiswa kudzora zvirwere;
• Nokupfekedza machira, etching zvikamu;
• Sezvakagadziriswa;
• Bleach;
• Muchirapa - nekudzivirira zvigadzirwa nemidziyo;
• Nokuwana kabhoni monoxide mu laboratori.

Uyewo mukuvhiyiwa, zvinogadziriswa zveyi asidi zvinoshandiswa sevanoriseptic agents.