Complex connections. Tsanangudzo, zvinyorwa

Kupa tsanangudzo yakawanda kana isiri yakajeka yemakemikari akaoma, mazuva ano makemikari inofanira kunge yakavakirwa pazvinyorwa zvitsvene zvekubatanidza mazano akafanirwa na A. Werner kare kare muna 1893. Kuoma kwemubvunzo uyu kunowanikwa mukusiyana uye kuwanda kwemakemikari akasiyana-siyana akasiyana Pasi peshoko rekuoma.

Nenzira yakawanda, makemikari akaoma makemikisi ane maverengeka akaoma akaoma. Kusvikira ikozvino, sayenzi haina tsanangudzo yakasimba yemafungiro e "complex complex". Kazhinji shandisa tsanangudzo inotevera: tsvina yakaoma inonzwisiswa senhare yakaoma iyo inokwanisa kuzvimiririra zviripo zvose mukristini uye mune imwe nzira. Inoumbwa nedzimwewo zvinyoro zvishoma, izvo zvinogonawo kuvapo pachavo pachavo. Uyewo inowanzooma yakaoma makemikari inowira mukududzirwa kwezvinhu zvakakomba, umo zvisungo zvose kana chikamu chazvo chinoumbwa maererano nemupi-anogamuchira mutemo.

Chimwe chinhu chinowanzoonekwa kuti zvikamu zvose zvakaoma zvinenge zviripo muhutano hwavo hweatomu inonzi "complexing agent". Zvichipa kusiyana kwezvinhu izvi izvo zvinokonzerwa nazvo, hazvifaniri kutaurira pamusoro pezvimwe zvinowanzoonekwa zvechikamu ichi. Kakawanda, inyanzvi yakaoma ndiyo atomu inoita simbi. Asi izvi hazvirevi chiratidzo chakasimba: makemikari akaoma anozivikanwa umo iyo atomu yakakura iatomu ye okisijeni, sulfuri, nitrogen, iodine nezvimwe zvinhu zvinenge zvisingaoneki. Tichitaura pamusoro pemhosva yeanoratidzira, tinogona kutaura kuti inonyanya kunaka, uye mumabhuku esayenzi iyo yainzi inonzi metal centre, asi pane mienzaniso apo iyo yepamu yepamusoro yakange isingabhadharwi uye kunyange kutora zero.

Saizvozvowo, mapoka ega ega eatomu kana maatomu ega anowanikwa panopoteredza shandisi yakaoma inonzi ligands. Izvi zvinogona kunge zvikamu zvishoma izvo kusati kwapinda kupinda muhutano hwemakomba akaoma aiva mamolekoro, somuenzaniso, mvura (H2O), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen (NH3) nezvimwewo zvakawanda, pamwe ne OH, PO43, Cl-, kana hydrogen cation H +.

Chiedza chekuisa zvikamu zvakakomberedzwa nemhando yekubhadhara dambudziko rinoparadzanisa makemikari aya mumagetsi ezvinyorwa zvinoumbwa zvakapoteredza ion inofungidzirwa yakasarudzwa yemasikironi. Uyewo pane anionic complexes, iyo inogadzirisa iyo iyo inonzi atomu ine hutano hwakanaka hwehurumende. Zvinyoronyoro uye zvakakomba anions zvikwereti. Rimwe boka rakasiyana rinogona kusiyaniswa nekutarisana nenzvimbo. Kuumbwa kwavo kunowanikwa nekubatanidza kumativi ose neatori yeutachiona yemamolekoro. Uyewo kune chikamu ichi chezvinhu zvakaoma zvinosanganisira makemikari akaumbwa pamwe chete nekubatanidza kunoenderana nemhepo yakanyatsokonzerwa neon molecules, uye inoshora zvakaipa ions.

Kana tikacherechedza nhamba yenzvimbo dzinoshandiswa nemigenderedzwa mune izvo zvinonzi kubatanidza sphere, ipapo kunononoka, bidentate uye polydentate ligands zvakatemwa.

Kugadzirwa kwemakemikari akaoma nemaitiro akasiyana-siyana kunoita kuti zvikwanise kuisa maererano nemaitiro eirand. Pakati pavo pane ammonia, umo ligands inomiririrwa nemamoriclekemu emamoria, aqua complexes, apo ligands ndiyo mvura, carbonyls-carbon monoxide inobata basa reirand. Mukuwedzera, pane acido complexes umo iyo atomu inopoteredzwa neasid resisi. Kana yakapoteredzwa ne-hydroxide ions, iyo iyo makemikari inonzi inonzi hydroxo complexes.

Mishonga yakaoma inobata basa rinokosha mumasikirwo. Pasina ivo, basa rinokosha rezvinhu zvipenyu hazvibviri. Uyezve, kushandiswa kwemakemikari akaoma mumabasa evanhu kunobvumira kushandiswa kwakaoma kwekombiki.

Analytical chemistry, kuwedzera kwemasimbi kubva kune ores, electrotype, varnish uye kupenda kwepende ndeyonguva shomanana yemabhizimisi umo maitiro emakemikari akashandiswa.