Carbide: Formula, Application uye Properties

Nyika anoziva chaizvo yakasiyana makemikari: sezvakarayirwa mazana amamiriyoni. Uye vari vose, sezvinoita vanhu, muri munhu. Hazvibviri kuwana mbiri zvinhu zvine anoenderana makemikari omuviri zvivako dzakasiyana siyana kumiririrwa.

Imwe zvinofadza zvikuru inorganic zvinhu huripo muchiedza chena ndivo carbides. Munyaya ino, tichakurukura yakarongeka, panyama uye kemikari dzavo zvivako, kushandisa zvishoma uye kuona subtleties okutambirwa yavo. Asi kutanga, zvishoma nezvenhoroondo zvakawanikwa.

nyaya

carbides simbi yacho nzira iyo tinopa pazasi, havasi dzinongoitika yeimwe. Izvi imhaka yokuti mamorekuru dzavo zvinoodza anoora uchikurukura nemvura. Naizvozvo, zvinokosha kuedza kutaura pamusoro kwetunhu carbides okutanga.

Zvisinei, kubvira 1849 pane anotaura kwetunhu nesilicon carbide, vamwe kuedza izvi kuramba harimboonekwi. Large-pamwero kugadzirwa rakatanga muna 1893, ari American kemisiti Edward Acheson nzira yakanga yainzi pashure pake.

History karusiyamu carbide usage zvakare haana zvakawanda zvakasiyana. Muna 1862 akagamuchira German kemisiti Fridrih Voler, muchidziisa fused zingi uye calcium yakawanda pamwe marasha.

Zvino ngatitarise anozodzidza kunakidza misoro: zvemakemikari uye mumuviri zvivako. Zviri mazviri nhema musimboti kushandisa mukirasi iyi zvinhu.

mumuviri ehupfumi

Absolutely ose carbides vari kuzivikanwa kwavo neukukutu. Somuenzaniso, mumwe nezvishoma pamusoro ari Mohs pamwero ndiyo tungsten carbide (9 kubva 10 zvichibvira pfungwa). Kunze izvi zvinhu zviri refractory chaizvo: kubvunda tembiricha vamwe vavo rinosvika madhigirii zviuru zviviri.

carbides Most mishonga inert uye kushamwaridzana vashoma zvinhu. Havasi soluble chero zvokufembedzwa. Zvisinei, kubata anogona waongororwa Kuparadzwa nemvura, kuparadzwa zvisungo uye paumbwe resimbi hydroxide uye yeHydrocarbon.

About zvapedzisira maitiro, uye zvimwe zvinonakidza nemakemikari zhinji chokuita carbides ichakurukurwa munyaya inotevera chikamu.

mushonga ehupfumi

Anenge carbides zvose kushamwaridzana nemvura. Vamwe - nyore uye pasina kudziyisa (somuenzaniso, karusiyamu carbide), uye vamwe (semuenzaniso, Karbid Kremniya) - mvura mhute apo nenharo kusvika 1800 inegumi. Saka Reactivity kunobva hunhu kukurukurirana mix, izvo tichakurukura gare gare. In zvakaitwa nemvura kubereka Mahydrocarbon siyana. Izvi zvinoitika nokuti hydrogen iri mvura, zvakabatana carbon ari carbide. Kuti tinzwisise chii chinoitika yeHydrocarbon (sezvo zvinogona kuitika sezvo vakaomerwa, uye unsaturated remubatanidzwa), zvinokwanisika, inobva Valence ari kabhoni huri kutanga zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, kana tine karusiyamu carbide, vane nzira iri Các _2, tinoona kuti rine C ₂ ^2- Ion. Saka, zvinokwanisika here batanidza maviri rehydrogen Ion pamwe mutariri +. Saka, isu tiwane mukomboni C ₂ H ₂ - acetylene. Saizvozvowo kubva remubatanidzwa zvakadai aruminiyamu carbide, ane nzira Al ₄ C _3, isu CH _4. Wadii C ₃ H _12, zvamunokumbira? Mushure Ion ane rokuchengeta 12. Chokwadi chokuti kunonyanyisa nhamba rehydrogen maatomu ari pakutsvaga nzira 2n + 2 apo N - Nhamba kabhoni maatomu. Nokudaro, chete remubatanidzwa wenyika nzira C ₃ H ₈ (propane) angawanika sezvo Ion pamwe nokuchengeta 12 inowira zvitatu Ion pamwe nokuchengeta 4, iyo pave, kana pamwe protons methane Morekuru.

Interesting muri carbides oxidation kuita. Vanogona kuitika sezvo wemisanganiswa kana chavakaona simba oxidizing nevasori, uye vanhuwo unopfuta iri yakachena mhepo. Kana zvose zviri pachena pamwe okisijeni: ndawana okisda maviri, ipapo nevamwe oxidants dzinonakidza. All zvinoenderana yezvakaita simbi vanoumba ari carbide, uyewo pamusoro yezvakaita oxidant. Somuenzaniso, Karbid Kremniya, ane nzira SiC, nokuda kuita pamwe musanganiswa nitric uye hydrofluoric acids, nokuumba hexafluorosilicic asidhi pamwe carbon dioxide. Uye panguva imwecheteyo maitiro asi chete mumwe nitric acid, tinowana mumwe nesilicon oxide uye carbon dioxide. By oxidizing nevasori zvinosanganisirawo halogens uye chalcogens. Ivo akaita chero carbide, maitiro payakavakirwa zvinoenderana ayo mamiriro.

carbides simbi fomura iyo takurukura - kwete chete vamiriri mukirasi iyi yeimwe. Zvino isu tora tikanyatsoongorora nerimwe industrially zvinokosha yeimwe vekirasi ichi uye vanotaura pamusoro chikumbiro chavo muupenyu hwedu.

Ndezvipi carbides?

Zvakaratidza, carbide, vane nzira iri Somuenzaniso, Các _2, anosiyana yekudyidzana mu maumbirwo kubva SiC. Zvino musiyano uri kunyanya yezvakaita zvisungo pakati maatomu. Muchiitiko chokutanga tiri nezvinhu munyu-kufanana carbide. Kirasi uku yeimwe anonzi saka nokuti chaizvoizvo haazvibati sezvinoita munyu ayo, kuti anokwanisa dissociating kupinda ions. Ichi chisungo Ionic simba chaizvo, uye unoita kuti nyore kuitisa hydrolysis maitiro uye kutendeuka nevamwe vazhinji, kusanganisira kubata pakati ions.

Mumwe, kupfuura zvimwe zvinokosha industrially anoona covalent carbides vari carbides: akadai Somuenzaniso, SiC kana WC. Vari ne mukuru arambe achirema uye simba. Uyewo inert uye refractory kuti sanganisa makemikari.

Kunewo simbi-kufanana carbides. Asi, vanogona kunzi sezvo alloys chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi chete kabhoni. Pakati izvi zvinogona kuzivikanwa, semuenzaniso, cementite (simbi carbide, ane nzira inogona zvakasiyana, asi zviri anenge avhareji: Fe ₃ C), kana simbi. Vane makemikari basa zvenguva dziri dhigirii pakati Ionic uye covalent carbides.

Mumwe nomumwe izvi Sub-zvipenyu tiri kukurukura boka makemikari ine kushanda. Kuti mashoko sei uye kupi kushandisa mumwe nomumwe wavo, tichakurukura mune chinotevera.

Kushanda kunoita carbides

Sezvatadzidza, covalent carbides vane chikuru-siyana hunobatsira mafomu. Izvi hasha kana kucheka zvinhu, uye anoumbwa nevazhinji zvakashandiswa mu minda siyana (semuenzaniso, somumwe zvinhu kuitika muviri zvombo), uye motokari nhengo, uye zvemagetsi zviridzwa, uye kudziyisa okunze, uye renyukireya. Uye ichi hachisi mazita rakakwana mafomu aya superhard carbide.

The narrowest Chikumbiro vane munyu-zvichiumba carbides. zvavaiita nemvura rinoshandiswa senzira murabhoritari nzira chokuwana Mahydrocarbon. Kuti, sezvo zvinoitika, hatina kare kukurukurwa pamusoro.

Pamwe covalent simbi-carbides vane paupamhi kushanda mu indasitiri. Sezvatakamboreva, nesimbi-kuonana pamusoro penyaya yeimwe mhando iyi muri simbi, simbi uye dzimwe simbi yeimwe pamwe kabhoni inclusions. Kazhinji, chicherwa kudaro zvinhu chokuita mukirasi d-simbi. Ndokusaka uderedze kuumba covalent zvisungo regai, sokunge chakaunzwa zvesimbi mamiriro.

In yedu maonero, mazano kushanda ari pamusoro yeimwe kunopfuura zvakakwana. Zvino anoita kutarisa muitiro kuti gadziriro yavo.

Kuwana carbides

The mhando okutanga maviri carbides izvo isu atakurukura, kureva covalent uye saltlike akagadzirira zvikuru imwe nzira nyore: nokuda kuita oxide pamusoro chinhu uye chemubhotoro panguva pamatunhu tembiricha. Muchikamu ichi chemubhotoro, rinoumbwa kabhoni atomu zvakabatana chinhu ichocho anoumbwa oxide, carbide uye nezvimiro. Chimwe chikamu "otora" yakachena uye nokuumba carbon monoxide. mumwe muitiro wakadaro chaizvo simba rakawanda, sezvo kunoda kuramba refu tembiricha (pakati sezvakarayirwa 1600-2500 madhigirii) ari kuita wongoramba.

Nokuti dzimwe mhando yeimwe vachishandisa dzimwe siyana. Somuenzaniso, manyowa ane remubatanidzwa iro pakupedzisira anopa carbide. The yemaitiro nemapinduriro kunobva zvikurukuru remubatanidzwa saka ikurukurei hatisi.

Tisati kupedzisa nyaya yedu, tichakurukura zvimwe zvinofadza carbides uye kutaura nezvazvo zvizere.

dzinonakidza yeimwe

yavaibvisa carbide. The yokuita mukomboni C ₂ Na _2. Izvi zvinogona kumiririrwa zvakawanda sezvo acetylide (i.e. zvinobikwa kuzvitsinhanisa rehydrogen maatomu ari acetylene pamusoro yavaibvisa maatomu) pane carbide. Makemikari fomura haanyatsonzwisisi kuratidza subtleties izvi, saka vanofanira kutarira chivako. Uyu chaizvo fuma uye kuwadzana mvura vachishingaira interacts nayo kuumbika acetylene uye alkalis.

magnesium carbide. Formula: MgC _2. An nzira dzinonakidza mvumo zvakakwana kushingaira akakura. Mumwe wavo inosanganisira sintering kuti magnesium fluoride pamwe karusiyamu carbide panguva pamatunhu tembiricha. Izvi zvinoguma zvigadzirwa zviviri: karusiyamu fluoride, uye munoda kuti carbide. The yemaitiro iri kuita iri nyore, uye iwe unogona kana muchida kuverenga panzvimbo unyanzvi mabhuku.

Kana usina chokwadi pamusoro kushanda zviri munyaya, ipapo chinotevera iri kwauri.

Sei izvi kubatsira muupenyu?

Eya, chokutanga, ruzivo makemikari haangambove okushamisira. Nguva dzose zviri nani kuva ruzivo zvombo pane kugara ndisina. Chechipiri, zvikuru munoziva nezvokuvapo zvimwe yeimwe, nani kunzwisisa zvigadziriswe pakati inotungamirwa dzavo uye mitemo kuvabvumira kuti zvivepo.

Usati waenda pakuguma, ndinoda kupa mazano pamusoro kudzidza ichi zvinhu.

Sei kudzidza?

Very nyore. Rinongova chikamu kemisitiri. Uye kudzidza anotevera mabhuku wekemisitiri. Tanga ruzivo chikoro uye anozodzidza zvikuru yepamusoro, kubva mabhuku yunivhesiti uye handbooks.

mhedziso

dingindira iri hakusi nyore uye hakunakidzi sezvo zvinoita pakutanga kuaona. Chemicals anogona nguva dzose kuva dzinonakidza, kana ukaona zviri chinangwa.