Munyori dzidziso sechivako Organic yeimwe. Dzidziso sechivako Organic yeimwe A. M. Butlerova

Chemistry - ndiye nesayenzi kuti anotipa zvose siyana nezvinhu uye zvemumba, izvo isu haana kuzeza kushandisa mazuva ose. Asi kuti vauye kuvhurika zvakadaro zvakasiyana siyana yeimwe, iyo inozivikanwa nhasi, mishonga yakawanda vaifanira kuenda kuburikidza kunzwisisa nzira nesayenzi.

A yakawanda basa, vakabudirira uye kundikana kuedza zhinji, huru yokungotaura ruzivo chawo - izvi zvose zvakakonzera kuti paumbwe zvakasiyana nzvimbo maindasitiri kemisitiri akabvumira kuti synthesize uye kushandisa ano zvinhu: rabha, mapurasitiki, mapurasitiki, Inogadzirwa nemasiridzi anobuda mumiti, alloys, siyana magirazi, silicones, uye zvichingodaro.

Mumwe yakakurumbira, anokudzwa mishonga, uyo akaita mupiro chaizvo kuti pave makemikari kemisitiri waiva vanhu Russian Butlerov NDIRI mabasa ake, kubudirira uye migumisiro basa isu kurukurei munyaya ino.

kwakarongwa vitae

Musi kuberekwa musayendisiti - muna September 1828, nhamba zvinyorwa zvakasiyana haisi yunifomu. Aiva mwanakomana wevarwi Michael Butlerova mai akarasikirwa mangwanani zvakakwana. All uduku vaigara mhuri yavatezvara sekuru vake mumusha Podlesnaya Shentala (zvino Republic of munharaunda Tatarstan).

Akadzidziswa munzvimbo dzakasiyana, wokutanga private chikoro rakavharwa, ipapo chesekondari. Gare gare, akapinda University of Kazan weDhipatimendi wefizikisi uye masvomhu. Zvisinei, pasinei neizvi zvikuru vanofarira kemisitiri. The ramangwana Munyori dzidziso sechivako Organic yeimwe kuramba pashure chikoro panzvimbo somudzidzisi.

1851 - kudzivirira wokutanga zvedzidzo chinyorwa pamusoro "Oxidation kuti makemikari yeimwe". Mushure kupenya kuita akapiwa mukana kutarisira yose kemisitiri payunivhesiti.

Munyori dzidziso sechivako Organic yeimwe akanga refu upward uye muna 1874 akava mumwe yakanakisisa renyanzvi St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

Scientist akafa muna 1886, apo akapedza ake uduku mumhuri yavatezvara sekuru vake. In mhuri yeko chapero uye akavigwa.

Scientist mupiro kuti kukura kwemakemikari ruzivo

Dzidziso sechivako Organic yeimwe Butlerov - chokwadi basa rake guru. Zvisinei, kwete mumwe chete. Yakanga musayendisiti ichi akasika kuchikoro mishonga yokutanga Russian.

Uye kubva masvingo aro akanga masayendisiti akadaro, uyo gare gare vakanga uremu kukuru kukura yose nesayenzi. Ndivo anotevera vanhu:

• Markovnikov;
• hares;
• Kondakov;
• Tabhori;
• Konovalov;
• Shumba uye nevamwe.

Munyori dzidziso sechivako Organic yeimwe akaita nhamba mabasa ari sayenzi zvepanyama, kusanganisira kemisitiri. Kunyanya yakawanda tsvakurudzo kwave vakazvipira kwariri Organic yeimwe.

Basa Organic kemisitiri

mabasa akadai anogona kunzi chaizvo. Mushure Butlerof dzinenge dzose vakasununguka nguva yavaipedza mubasa rake yunivhesiti murabhoritari, kuita kuedza siyana, zvichiita zvakabudiswa uye mhedziso. Just saka zvakanga akaberekwa Pfungwa kwemakemikari maumbirwo Organic yeimwe.

Kune vamwe zvikuru ndichibvunza basa musayendisiti:

• zvakanga akasikwa mushumo musangano pamusoro waiti "On makemikari maumbirwo kwenyaya";
• dissertation basa "On the zvinokosha anonhuwirira ';
• basa yokutanga nesayenzi "The oxidation kuti makemikari yeimwe".

Asati ayo mashoko uye kusikwa munyori dzidziso maumbirwo Organic yeimwe kwenguva refu nguva kudzidza basa dzimwe masayendisiti kubva kunyika dzakasiyana, ndakadzidza mabasa avo, kusanganisira mutyairi wendege. Chete ipapo, kuti generalize uye systematize kuti awana zivo, iye akaratidza mhedziso zvose maererano yayo chezita dzidziso.

Dzidziso sechivako Organic yeimwe A. M. Butlerova

XIX remakore Kunoonekwa nokuva kukurumidza kukura kusvika zvose sayenzi, kusanganisira kemisitiri. Zvikurukuru, ramba kuunganidza yakakura Zvakawanikwa kabhoni yayo yeimwe, makemikari zvinhu sei zvose kusiyana kwayo. Asi hapana munhu anoshinga kuronga uye kuronga zvose izvi zvinhu ndeechokwadi, kutungamirira rwakafanana dhinomineta uye kuziva zvakajairika mapatani, iro nezvose zviri kuvakwa.

Chokutanga unoitwa Butlerov A. M. Kuti ndiye kwakajeka dzidziso makemikari maumbirwo Organic yeimwe, mugadziriro paakati uremu panguva German musangano pakati mishonga. Izvi kwaiva kutanga kwenguva itsva kukura nesayenzi, makemikari kemisitiri akatanga nzira ndichibvunza kukura.

The musayendisiti akaenda zvishoma nezvishoma. Akapedza yakawanda kuedza uye akafanotaura nezvokuvapo kwezvimwe zvinhu pamwe zvakafanorongwa ehupfumi, vakaona mamwe wanda, uye akaona shure kwavo remangwana. Vazhinji vakadzidza mabasa nevamwe avo zvakawanwa. Iye chete kuzorwa ichi nokungwarira uye okunyatsoshanda vachiri akakwanisa kusika rounyanzvi ake. Zvino, dzidziso sechivako Organic yeimwe iyi chikamu Chemistry - rinenge kufanana kuti periodic wemuTesitamende inorganic.

Kuvhura musayendisiti isati yasikwa dzidziso

Chii Zvavakawana dzakaitwa uye akapiwa yokungotaura kururamiswa nyanzvi pamberi paiva dzidziso sechivako Organic yeimwe A. M. Butlerova?

1. Domestic shasha kutanga synthesized Organic zvinhu zvakadai methenamine, formaldehyde, methylene iodide uye nevamwe.
2. Synthesized kubva shuga-inorganic zvinhu (tertiary doro), nokudaro vachikonzera anotevera kurwadzisa vitalism dzidziso.
3. Iye ataura ramangwana polymerization siyana, achivadana chakanakisisa uye zvinovimbisa.
4. Isomerism yakatanga akavatsanangurira chete.

Chokwadi, ichi ndicho zvinokosha zvikuru basa rake chete. Kutaura zvazviri, kwemakore akawanda basa rakaoma inogona yakarondedzerwa musayendisiti kwenguva yakareba. Zvisinei, chinonyanya kukosha nhasi rava zvose zvakafanana dzidziso sechivako Organic yeimwe, iyo nzvimbo uye kutaura zvakare.

Nzvimbo dzidziso yokutanga

Muna 1861, kuRussia musayendisiti mukuru panguva Congress of mishonga muguta Homan kugoverana maonero avo nevamwe pamusoro nemamiriro zvinokonzera uye kusiyana Organic yeimwe, achiratidza izvi zvose muchimiro dzidziso.

Chokutanga chinhu ndiyo zvinotevera: maatomu zvose mukati morekuru zviri zvakabatana muna urongwa, zvikaonekwa nokuda valency yavo. Kana ichi kabhoni atomu Exhibits chakarurama Valence yakaenzana mana. Okisijeni ane kukosha chinoratidza ichi akaenzana vaviri, rehydrogen - kubatana.

Iye akataura zvakafanana chepfungwa yainzi makemikari nemamiriro fuma. Gare gare kunan'anura ake mashoko akatorwa papepa pamwe kwakajeka zvizere STRUCTURAL, yaiitwa yakapfupikiswa uye samolecular Masvomhu.

Izvi zvakare Chiitiko pamusoro kabhoni nezvimedu chokuita mumwe mu isingaperi ngetani dzakasiyana mamiriro (Linear, cyclic, mapazi).

Kazhinji, dzidziso sechivako Organic yeimwe Butlerova nzvimbo yaro yokutanga rinorondedzerwa kukosha valency uye rakabatana payakavakirwa nerimwe remubatanidzwa, asi kufungisisa zvivako uye maitiro ari pafuma panguva zvavaifunga.

Nzvimbo dzidziso rechipiri

Panguva iyi zvakatsanangurwa kusiyana Organic yeimwe munyika. Zvichienderana kubatana kwakaita carbons chuma, musayendisiti yakati kuti munyika mune dissimilar yeimwe vane ehupfumi zvakasiyana, asi chose kufanana samolecular sezvamunoita. Nemamwe mashoko, pane chinonakidza kuti isomerism.

Uhwu dzidziso sechivako Organic yeimwe A. M. Butlerova akatsanangura kwete chete musimboti isomers, uye isomers, asiwo rinoshanda musayendisiti zvinowira vose nekusimbiswa.

Somuenzaniso, iye synthesized isomer butane - isobutane. Zvadaro, pentane akanga afanotaura kuti huvepo haana mumwe asi vatatu isomers, inobva nemamiriro mukomboni. Uye synthesize vose, achiratidza ake nemhosva.

Kuziviswa wechitatu nzvimbo

Rakatevera chinhu pamusoro dzidziso inoti zvose maatomu uye mamorekuru mukati chete mukomboni kunogona kukanganisa ehupfumi mumwe mumwe. Kubva ichi uye achavaponesa unhu nefuma mune mhando dzakasiyana wanda, richiratidzwa nemakemikari nezvimwe zvivako.

Saka, pasi urongwa uhwu anoratidza zvakawanda makirasi Organic yeimwe zvakasiyana chimiro uye mamiriro zvaraireva dzichipfekeka boka.

Dzidziso sechivako Organic yeimwe A. M. Butlerova muchidimbu munenge mabhuku ose ari makemikari kemisitiri. Handiti ndiwo - hwaro muchikamu ichi, tsanangudzo ose nemirairo dzinovakwa Morekuru.

The ukoshi nokuti ano pfungwa

Chokwadi, zviri zvikuru. Pfungwa iyi yakaita kuti:

1. kuti ibatane uye kuronga zvose ndeechokwadi zvinhu vaunganidza panguva yayo kusikwa;
2. tsanangura sechivako mapatani, zvivako zviri siyana yeimwe;
3. kupa zvizere tsananguro zvikonzero rakakura zvakadaro siyana yeimwe mu kemisitiri;
4. Akapa kutanga nokuda dzakawanda Syntheses itsva zvinhu, inobva zvokudya dzidziso;
5. kutamira maonero, kuva mabhomba-samolecular dzidziso.

Saka, kutaura kuti munyori dzidziso sechivako Organic yeimwe, pikicha izvo unogona kuona pazasi, akaita zvikuru - haritauri chinhu. Butlerova anogona zvakarurama kunzi baba makemikari kemisitiri, muvambi waro nheyo yokungotaura.

chiratidzo chacho kwesayenzi yenyika, iyo shasha mafungiro, kugona kuratidza mugumisiro zvange kwenguva. Murume aiva kukuru tichikwanisa basa, mwoyo murefu uye nguva dzose vachiedza, synthesizing, vakadzidziswa. Wrong, asi nguva dzose kudzidza zvidzidzo uye kuita zvakanaka-refu mhedziso.

Chete boka rakadai unhu uye mabhizimisi acumen, kusimba akabvumira kuzadzisa zvinozoita.

Kudzidza makemikari kemisitiri kuchikoro

Nokufamba zvesekondari kudzidza Organic bwezvingoro anopiwa nguva kunyange. Chete kota rimwe kugiredhi 9 uye-gore rizere 10 sandara (chirongwa Gabrielyan Os). Zvisinei, nguva ino zvakakwana kuti vana vaigona kuongorora zvose huru makirasi yeimwe, kunyanya avo marongerwo uye Nomenclature, mazano kukosha.

The hwaro pakutanga kosi - dzidziso sechivako Organic yeimwe A. M. Butlerova. Grade 10 vakatsaurira rizere Kukurukura nzvimbo yayo, uye zvadaro - yokungotaura uye inoshanda nokusimbisa kudzidza mukirasi nomumwe zvinhu.